Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution
Écologie
marin benthopélagique; profondeur 0 - 200 m (Ref. 3688), usually 15 - 50 m (Ref. 54220). Subtropical; 56°N - 12°N, 23°W - 42°E (Ref. 54220)
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles to Cape Blanc, Mauritania; (exceptionally further south) Senegal and around the Canary Islands and Madeira. Common south of 40°N (Spain, North Africa) in the Mediterranean (Ref. 4781).
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 34.6  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3397); common length : 50.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3688); poids max. publié: 14.3 kg (Ref. 40637)
Description synthétique
Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie
Épines dorsales (Total) : 11; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 11 - 12; Épines anales: 3; Rayons mous anaux: 7 - 9. Body oval and compressed. Canine teeth, with 4 to 6 anterior teeth very developed in each jaw.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Inhabit hard bottoms (rock or rubble) down to 200 m depth. Usually found in shallow water less than 50 m deep (Ref. 9987). Adults solitary; young gregarious (Ref. 12482). Young fish caught with traps. Feed on fish, mollusks and cephalopods. Important food fish. Marketed fresh or frozen (Ref. 9987). Some attempts to culture this species have been successful. Due to low market supply, the potential for selling these fish from aquaculture operations seems to be good (Ref. 9987). A spear-fisherman cites a specimen caught in Greece (Corfu) with an overnight bottom-line about 1.60 m and 42 kg (Ref. 48271), but the identification cannot be verified.
Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Gonochoric, but some specimens are hermaphroditic. Species of separated sexes (although some individuals may be hermaphrodite in young stages). In the Mediterranean, reproduction takes place between March and May, in areas near the coast. Embryo development lasts about 3 days at 17°C.
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; Aquaculture: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
Outils
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
Estimations basées sur des modèles
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01122 (0.00965 - 0.01304), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Niveau trophique (Réf. 69278) |
4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies. |
Résilience (Réf. 120179) |
Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.1; tm=2-3). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.39, 95% CL = 0.26 - 0.58, Based on 9 data-limited stock assessments. |
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref. 59153) |
High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100). 🛈 |
Vulnérabilité climatique (Ref. 125649) |
High vulnerability (63 of 100). 🛈 |
Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766) |
Very high.
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Nutriments (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 30.5 [16.1, 58.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.656 [0.354, 1.189] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.267, 0.640] g/100g; Selenium = 37.2 [16.4, 73.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.4 [4.0, 56.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.558 [0.381, 0.828] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |