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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
محیط زیست: محیط زیست / منطقه آب و هوایی / تغييرات عمق / محدوده توزیع
بوم شناسي
دريايي نزديك كف زي; تغييرات عمق 50 - 300 m (Ref. 4780), usually 150 - 200 m (Ref. 26999). Subtropical; 50°N - 28°S
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to South Africa (Ref. 4373), including the western Mediterranean. Western Indian Ocean: east coast of Africa (Ref. 3490); probably also in the Arabian Sea under synonyms capensis (non Pappe ?), sinuata Day and striata Boulenger.
طول در اولین بلوغ / اندازه / وزن / سن
بلوغ: Lm 23.5  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 30573); common length : 40.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 3593); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 27 سال ها (Ref. 127644)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 11; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 25 - 29; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 2; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 7. Juveniles with narrow oblique dark and light stripes, becoming obscure in adults (Ref. 4373).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found in mud and sandy bottoms of the shelf and upper slope (Ref. 4780), 14° to 15° C (Ref. 36731). Feed on small shrimps, worms and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 4780). Sold fresh and dried salted (Ref. 3490).
چرخه زندگی و رفتار جفتگیری
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | باروری | توزاد ( لارو)
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
تخمینها بر اساس مدلها
شاخص تنوع فیلوژنتیکی (مرجع 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00851 (0.00540 - 0.01343), b=3.13 (3.00 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
سطح تروفیک (مرجع 69278) |
3.4 ±0.44 se; based on food items. |
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Generation time |
4.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies. |
جهندگی (مرجع 120179) |
متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.26). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.55, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.82, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments. |
آسیبپذیری ماهیگیری (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100). 🛈 |
آسیبپذیری اقلیمی (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100). 🛈 |
طبقه قيمت (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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مواد مغذی (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 53.3 [29.8, 106.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.928 [0.470, 1.611] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.4, 20.6] %; Omega3 = 0.337 [0.202, 0.525] g/100g; Selenium = 41.3 [22.7, 76.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.26 [2.87, 26.43] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.631 [0.450, 0.913] mg/100g (wet weight); |