Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
; air tawar bentopelagis; potamodromous (Ref. 51243). Subtropical; 24°S - 33°S
Africa: originally endemic to the Orange-Vaal River system, South Africa. Has been introduced into the Gouritz River, South Cape and the Olifants River, Limpopo River system where it is now established.
Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm FL jantan/; (Ref. 7248); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 7.8 kg (Ref. 7248); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 12 Tahun (Ref. 6465)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 4; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 7 - 9; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 5.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Occurs in impoundments and rivers. Prefers clear-flowing waters over sandy or rocky substrates. An omnivorous bottom feeder. Diet includes water fleas, snails, plankton, small mussels, insects, small fish, algae and detritus. Breeds in spring through to midsummer after the first substantial rains of the season. Migrates upstream to spawn over suitable gravel beds (Ref. 7248).
Siklus hidup dan perilaku kawin
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fekunditas | Larva
Breeds in flowing water therefore must ascend the rivers to spawn in gravel beds. Eggs are laid in a shallow saucer-like nest which is constructed in the gravel by a female (or perhaps male) using the snout and caudal fin. Eggs are covered with gravel after fertilization. A 45 cm female carries 30, 000 eggs.
Lévêque, C. and J. Daget, 1984. Cyprinidae. p. 217-342. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2801)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
|
Bayesian length-weight
|
a=0.00955 (0.00430 - 0.02123), b=3.02 (2.84 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan 69278) |
3.1 ±0.42 se; based on food items. |
|
Generation time |
8.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies. |
Daya lenting (Acuan 120179) |
Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (K=0.13-0.27; tmax=12). |
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100). 🛈 |
kategori harga (Ref. 80766) |
Unknown.
|
Nutrisi (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 95.8 [63.6, 169.1] mg/100g; Iron = 1.51 [1.02, 2.14] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [17.6, 19.1] %; Omega3 = 0.694 [0.335, 1.511] g/100g; Selenium = 29.9 [13.5, 63.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 36 [16, 88] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.17 [0.87, 1.58] mg/100g (wet weight); |