Taxonomic Remarks
Engraulils capensis Gilchrist, 1913 has sometines been considered as a synonym.
Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino; salmastro pelagic-neritic; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 400 m (Ref. 2683). Subtropical; 62°N - 37°S, 18°W - 42°E (Ref. 54230)
Eastern Atlantic: Bergen, Norway to East London, South Africa (perhaps reaching Durban) (Ref. 10000). Also all of Mediterranean, Black and Azov seas, with stray individuals in Suez Canal and Gulf of Suez; also recorded from St. Helena (Ref. 189). Reported from Estonia (Ref. 33247).
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 10.1, range 9 - 14 cm
Max length : 20.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 189); common length : 13.5 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 189); peso massimo pubblicato: 0.00 g; Età massima riportata: 5 anni (Ref. 92145)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 16 - 18; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 13 - 15; Vertebre: 46 - 47. Snout pointed; maxilla short, tip blunt, reaching almost to front border of pre-operculum, not projecting beyond tip of second supra-maxilla; tip of lower jaw reaching almost to below nostril. Gill rakers present on hind face of third epibranchial. Pseudobranch longer than eye, reaching onto inner face of operculum. A silver stripe along flank, disappearing with age.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: oval.
Mainly oceanic, marine species, forming large schools (see Ref. 126017:598). Tolerates salinities of 5-41 ppt and in some areas, enters lagoons, estuaries and lakes, especially during spawning. Tends to move further north and into surface waters in summer, retreating and descending in winter. Feeds on planktonic organisms. Spawns from April to November with peaks usually in the warmest months. Eggs are ellipsoidal to oval, floating in the upper 50 m and hatching in 24-65 hours. Marketed fresh, dried, smoked, canned and frozen; made into fish meal (Ref. 9987).
Pelagic spawners. Gametogenesis is continuous, multiple spawning. Spawning peaks are usually in the warmer months which makes this species a spring-summer spawner. The limits of the spawning season is dependent on temperature and is therefore more restricted in northern areas. Sex ratio: 45% female (Ref. 5580).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Harmless
Usi umani
Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale; esca: usually
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
Scarica XML
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00457 (0.00413 - 0.00505), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio. 69278) |
3.1 ±0.36 se; based on food items. |
|
Generation time |
2.2 (1.8 - 2.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 50 growth studies. |
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio. 120179) |
Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.3-1.73; tmax=6; Fec =13,000-503,000). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.89, Based on 21 full stock assessments. |
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref. 59153) |
Low vulnerability (18 of 100). 🛈 |
Vulnerabilità climatica (Ref. 125649) |
Low vulnerability (9 of 100). 🛈 |
Categoria di prezzo (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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Nutrienti (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 170 [78, 369] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.63, 2.85] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.6, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.976 [0.611, 1.574] g/100g; Selenium = 19.1 [9.3, 36.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.5 [4.4, 51.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.24 [0.79, 1.84] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |