Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut; air tawar; payau pelagic-neritic; anadromus (ruaya dari laut ke air tawar) (Ref. 126106); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 70 m (Ref. 189). Subtropical; 44°N - 36°S, 98°W - 32°W (Ref. 189)
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA perhaps occasionally straying north to Maine or even Nova Scotia (Canada), south to Fort Pierce, Florida (but not Florida Keys) and at least northern Gulf of Mexico; also from Gulf of Venezuela south to Uruguay. Replaced by Anchoa colonensis in the West Indies.
Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 15.3 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 37032); common length : 11.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 14 - 17; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 20 - 24. Snout pointed, about 3/4 eye diameter; maxilla long, tips pointed, reaching beyond hind border of pre-operculum, almost to gill opening; gill cover canals of panamensis-type. Anal fin origin below about midpoint of dorsal fin base. Anus nearer to anal fin origin than to pelvic fin tips. Silver stripe along flank (a dark line above) of uniform width, narrowed immediately behind band (Ref. 189). Back greenish, some yellowish on head. Melanophores outline all dorsal scales (Ref. 7251).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: oval.
Adults form dense schools, often in shallow waters close to shore. They are able to tolerate a wide range of salinities, from hypersaline to almost fresh. Adults feed on copepods when young, then on gastropods, foraminifers and an occasional ostracods and annelid. Breeding was recorded in April through to July at Beaufort, North Carolina. Breeding takes place in harbors, estuaries and sounds. Eggs are elliptical, transparent, without oil globule, the yolk appearing `cellular' (Ref. 189). Great variation. Principal parasites are nematodes and cestodes (Scolex polymorphus and Rhynchobothrium sp.) and trematodes (Distomum appendiculatum and Distomum sp). Marketed as food (Ref. 37032).
Spawn in school (Ref. 205).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; umpan: usually
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
|
Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00513 (0.00410 - 0.00642), b=3.16 (3.12 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan 69278) |
3.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies. |
Daya lenting (Acuan 120179) |
Tinggi, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum kurang dari 15 bulan (tm=1; Fec=5700). |
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref. 59153) |
Low vulnerability (16 of 100). 🛈 |
Kerentanan Iklim (Ref. 125649) |
Low vulnerability (21 of 100). 🛈 |
kategori harga (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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Nutrisi (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 187 [107, 388] mg/100g; Iron = 1.73 [0.91, 3.05] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [15.8, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.514 [0.268, 0.972] g/100g; Selenium = 20.3 [9.1, 47.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.2 [3.4, 32.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.4 [1.0, 2.1] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |