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Hypanus americanus, Southern stingray : fisheries, gamefish
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil, including the Antilles (Ref. 3168). 西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西與墨西哥灣北部到巴西南部, 包括安地列斯群島.(參考文獻 3168)
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm81.3, range 75 - 80 cm Max length : 200 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3168); common length : 90.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3168); 最大體重: 135.6 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 28 年 (Ref. 53968)
Disk has sharp outer corners and irregular row of short spines on upper surface (Ref. 26938). Disk usually uniform dark brown above, grayer in young. Ventral finfold on tail long and high, dorsal finfold absent (Ref. 7251). Upper surface of disc gray, dark or olivaceous brown or olive green. Lower surface of disc white or whitish with an edging of gray or brown (Ref. 6902). Body shape (shape guide): other. 圓盤在上表皮上有銳利的外角與不規則的矮棘列。 (參考文獻 26938) 圓盤通常背面全深褐色的, 比較灰色的當幼魚時。 在尾部上的腹面鰭褶長與高又背部的鰭褶不存在.(參考文獻 7251) 體盤的上表面灰色的﹐黑的或橄欖褐色或橄欖綠色的。 體盤下表面白色的或微白色的具有一個灰色的邊緣或褐色.(參考文獻 6902)
Found on sandy bottoms, seagrass beds, lagoons and the reef face (Ref. 12951). Common in bays and estuaries (Ref. 7251), and in mangrove areas (Ref. 138854). Observed singly, in pairs and in aggregations (Ref. 12951). Buries in the sand during the day and forages at night, usually in seagrass beds (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on bivalves and worms and also takes shrimps, crabs and small fishes (Ref. 3168). Feeds by creating depressions in the sand to expose invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9710). Ovoviviparous, with 3-4 in a litter (Ref. 12951). May be found in cleaning stations where they are attended to by the bluehead wrasse and Spanish hogfish (Ref. 12951). Equipped with a well-developed serrated spine and capable of inflicting a painful laceration. Easily approached by divers (Ref. 9710).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Male mounts on female dorsally (Ref. 12951).西大西洋: 美國的紐澤西與墨西哥灣北部到巴西南部, 包括安地列斯群島.(參考文獻 3168)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
