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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
|
| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Thunnus thynnus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
muatnaik fotos/gambar dan video
Gambar | video | Perangko, koin, dll. | imej Google
Thunnus thynnus
foto/gambar oleh Ticina, V.
Gambar | video | Perangko, koin, dll. | imej Google
foto/gambar oleh Ticina, V.
klasifikasi / Nama Nama-nama umum | Sinonim (persamaan) | Catalog of Fishes(Marga, Jenis) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi Ekologi
laut; payau pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromus (Ref. 71039); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 985 m (Ref. 55291), usually 0 - 100 m. Subtropical; 3°C - 30°C (Ref. 88796); 69°N - 58°S, 99°W - 42°E
Penyebaran Wilayah | Daerah-daerah FAO | Ekosistem | Kemunculan | peta titik | Introduksi | Faunafri
Western Atlantic: Labrador and Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea to Venezuela and Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Lofoten Islands off Norway to Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and the southern part of the Black Sea (Ref. 6769). Reported from Mauritania (Ref. 5377). There is a subpopulation off South Africa. Highly migratory species.
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 103.5, range 97 - 110 cm
Max length : 458 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL jantan/; (Ref. 168); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 32 Tahun (Ref. 5810)
Max length : 458 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL jantan/; (Ref. 168); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 32 Tahun (Ref. 5810)
deskripsi pendek Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | Morfologi | Morfometrik
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 12 - 14; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 13 - 15; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 13 - 16; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 39. A very large species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. The second dorsal fin higher than the first; the pectoral fins are very short, less than 80% of head length. Swim bladder present. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless transverse lines alternated with rows of colorless dots. The first dorsal fin is yellow or bluish; the second reddish-brown; the anal fin and finlets dusky yellow and edged with black; the median caudal keel is black in adults. May be confused with several other tunas, these are typically much smaller and easily distinguished by specific patterns of stripes, bands or dots.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Oceanic but seasonally coming close to shore. They school by size, sometimes together with albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack etc. Visual predators (Ref. 88866) preying on small schooling fishes (anchovies, sauries, hakes) or on squids and red crabs. Live up to 40 years in the western Atlantic (Ref. 88822). Weight up to 900 kg (Ref. 88823). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Juvenile growth is rapid (about 30 cm / year) but slower than in other tuna
and billfish species (Ref. 88867). Adult growth is considerably slower, with about 10 years needed to reach two thirds of maximum length. Become rare because of massive overfishing (Ref. 35388).
Siklus hidup dan perilaku kawin Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fekunditas | Larva
Oviparous batch spawner, with an inter-spawning interval of 1-2 days in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88871). Females larger than 205 cm fork length are estimated to have a mean fecundity of 30-60 and 13-15 million eggs, in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively (Ref. 40805, Ref. 88871). Spawning occurs when sea surface temperatures are between 22.6-27.5 ºC and 22.5-25.5 ºC in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea respectively (88868). Spawning occurs between June and August in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88868). Eggs are released directly to the water column and hatch after 2 days (Ref. 88823). At 24°C, embryo development lasts about 32 hours and larval stages about 30 days. Egg size 1.0 mm, larval length at hatching 2.8 mm.
Spawning grounds are mainly known from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, but the presence of mature individuals and larvae far from these areas (e.g. Bahamas and central North Atlantic Ocean) suggest that other spawning grounds may also be utilized (Ref. 88873, Ref. 88874, Ref. 88872). Appears to display homing behaviour with (western-tagged individuals migrating back to specific spawning sites either in the Gulf of Mexico or the Mediterranean Sea) (Ref. 88872, Ref. 88870). Fidelity to natal areas seem to occur once individuals reach maturity, i.e. after returning to either the western or eastern spawning grounds (Ref. 88868).
rujukan utama
Unggah referensi Anda | Acuan | Koordinator : Collette, Bruce B. | mitra
Collette, B.B., 1999. Mackerels, molecules, and morphology. p. 149-164. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Noumea, Paris. (Ref. 33246)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
kurang bimbang (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 January 2021
CITES
Not Evaluated
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Budidaya air: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
FAO - Sistem akuakultur: production searchPerikanan: profail spesis, landings search; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Laut di Sekitar Kita
informasi lanjut
Dinamika populasi
Parameter pertumbuhan
Maks. usia / ukuran
Panjang-berat rel.
Panjang-panjang rel.
ukuran frekuensi
Konversi massa
pemulihan
Kelimpahan
Parameter pertumbuhan
Maks. usia / ukuran
Panjang-berat rel.
Panjang-panjang rel.
ukuran frekuensi
Konversi massa
pemulihan
Kelimpahan
Fisiologi
Komposisi tubuh
Nutrisi
Konsumsi oksigen
Jenis renang
Kecepatan berenang
Pigmen visual
Suara ikan
Penyakit & Parasit
Toksisitas (LC50)
Komposisi tubuh
Nutrisi
Konsumsi oksigen
Jenis renang
Kecepatan berenang
Pigmen visual
Suara ikan
Penyakit & Parasit
Toksisitas (LC50)
Yang berhubungan dengan manusia
Sistem akuakultur
profil budidaya air
Strain
Kasus Ciguatera
Perangko, koin, dll.
Sistem akuakultur
profil budidaya air
Strain
Kasus Ciguatera
Perangko, koin, dll.
Alat, peralatan
Kuis organik | E-book | Penuntun lapangan | Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | tanda freqkuenci panjang | peringkat sejarah hidup | peta titik |
Tangkap-MSY |
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | semak peneliti ikan | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Marga, Jenis | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Sistem akuakultur: production searchPerikanan: profail spesis, landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Pangkalan data nasional | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Akuarium publik | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: pergi, Cari | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Catatan Zoologi
Estimasi berdasarkan model
|
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.01202 (0.00976 - 0.01480), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
|
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan 69278) |
4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies. |
| Generation time | 12.8 (9.2 - 16.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 21 growth studies. |
|
Daya lenting (Acuan 120179) |
Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (K=0.09; tm=3-5; tmax=32). |
| Rate of population increase | Prior r = 0.24, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.35, Based on 5 full stock assessments. |
|
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref. 59153) |
Very high vulnerability (82 of 100). 🛈 |
|
Kerentanan Iklim (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100). 🛈 |
|
kategori harga (Ref. 80766) |
Very high. |
|
Nutrisi (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 13.1 [7.2, 24.7] mg/100g; Iron = 2.09 [0.85, 5.36] mg/100g; Protein = 24.2 [22.6, 25.6] %; Omega3 = 0.393 [0.229, 0.689] g/100g; Selenium = 53.2 [20.7, 152.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.3 [2.2, 167.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.319 [0.187, 0.655] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |