البيئة: الوسط / المنطقة المناخية / نطاق العمق / نطاق التوزيع
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 1 - 50 m (Ref. 93252), usually 5 - ? m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 41°N - 37°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 188)
Western Atlantic: Gulf of Maine (USA), Bermuda, throughout the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and West Indies southward to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Also found in Uruguay (Ref. 54736) and Argentina (Ref. 2806).
الطول عند النضج الأول / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 11.5, range 11 - ? cm
Max length : 38.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 188); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 375.00 g (Ref. 5217)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 19 - 21; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 23 - 24. The filamentous last dorsal fin ray distinguishes this species from all other western Atlantic clupeoids except Dorosoma, which has an inferior mouth (Ref. 188). Otherwise, superficially resembles species of Sardinella (but i 8 pelvic fin rays in western Atlantic species, cf. i 7 in Opisthonema) and Harengula (but small toothed hypomaxilla in upper jaw) (Ref. 188). Lower gill rakers stable at 28 to 46 after 8 cm (Ref. 188). Silvery, with a bluish or greenish back, 6-7 lengthwise dark streaks on side. Dark spot above opercle, larger dark spot behind opercle, usually with a row of dark spots behind it. Lower profile deeply curved. Head pointed (Ref. 7251).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Inhabit harbors and shallow coastal areas (Ref. 9710). Pelagic (Ref. 27549). Form schools (but solitary individuals reported), probably not entering water of low salinity. Feed by filtering plankton (copepods), but also take small fishes, crabs and shrimps. Marketed fresh, frozen and salted; also used in the fishmeal industry. Occur in freshwater in St. Johns River, Florida (Ref. 26938).
Possibly breeds in March-July off Venezuela.
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
حالة القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة والموارد الطبيعية (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
خطر للأنسان
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; طعم: usually
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
تنزيل XML
مصادر علي الأنترنت
تقديرات تستند إلى النماذج
مؤشر التنوع الشُعبي الوراثي (مرجع 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00851 (0.00757 - 0.00958), b=3.06 (3.03 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
مستوى غذائي (مرجع 69278) |
4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies. |
المرونه (مرجع 120179) |
وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (tm=1-3; tmax=8). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 1.18, 95% CL = 0.78 - 1.77, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments. |
ضعف الصيد (Ref. 59153) |
Low vulnerability (24 of 100). 🛈 |
قابلية التأثر بالمناخ (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100). 🛈 |
فئة السعر (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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المغذيات (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 59.1 [28.2, 107.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.805 [0.394, 1.446] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.5, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.242 [0.132, 0.455] g/100g; Selenium = 34.8 [18.7, 79.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 95.7 [28.7, 303.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.856 [0.565, 1.280] mg/100g (wet weight); |