Περιβάλλον: περιβάλλον / κλιματική ζώνη / εύρος βάθους / εύρος διανομής
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 1 - 50 m (Ref. 93252), usually 5 - ? m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 41°N - 37°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 188)
Western Atlantic: Gulf of Maine (USA), Bermuda, throughout the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and West Indies southward to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Also found in Uruguay (Ref. 54736) and Argentina (Ref. 2806).
Μήκος κατά την πρώτη ωρίμανση / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Ηλικία
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm 11.5, range 11 - ? cm
Max length : 38.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 188); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 375.00 g (Ref. 5217)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 19 - 21; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 23 - 24. The filamentous last dorsal fin ray distinguishes this species from all other western Atlantic clupeoids except Dorosoma, which has an inferior mouth (Ref. 188). Otherwise, superficially resembles species of Sardinella (but i 8 pelvic fin rays in western Atlantic species, cf. i 7 in Opisthonema) and Harengula (but small toothed hypomaxilla in upper jaw) (Ref. 188). Lower gill rakers stable at 28 to 46 after 8 cm (Ref. 188). Silvery, with a bluish or greenish back, 6-7 lengthwise dark streaks on side. Dark spot above opercle, larger dark spot behind opercle, usually with a row of dark spots behind it. Lower profile deeply curved. Head pointed (Ref. 7251).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Inhabit harbors and shallow coastal areas (Ref. 9710). Pelagic (Ref. 27549). Form schools (but solitary individuals reported), probably not entering water of low salinity. Feed by filtering plankton (copepods), but also take small fishes, crabs and shrimps. Marketed fresh, frozen and salted; also used in the fishmeal industry. Occur in freshwater in St. Johns River, Florida (Ref. 26938).
Possibly breeds in March-July off Venezuela.
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
Κατάσταση Κόκκινου Καταλόγου IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Απειλή για τον άνθρωπο
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Ανθρώπινες χρήσεις
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); δόλωμα: usually
Εργαλεία
Ειδικές εκθέσεις
Λήψη XML
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Εκτιμήσεις βάσει μοντέλων
Δείκτης φυλογενετικής ποικιλότητας (Αναφ. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00851 (0.00757 - 0.00958), b=3.06 (3.03 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ. 69278) |
4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies. |
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ. 120179) |
Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (tm=1-3; tmax=8). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 1.18, 95% CL = 0.78 - 1.77, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments. |
Ευπάθεια στην αλιεία (Ref. 59153) |
Low vulnerability (24 of 100). 🛈 |
Ευπάθεια στο κλίμα (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100). 🛈 |
Κατηγορία τιμής (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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Θρεπτικά συστατικά (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 59.1 [28.2, 107.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.805 [0.394, 1.446] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.5, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.242 [0.132, 0.455] g/100g; Selenium = 34.8 [18.7, 79.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 95.7 [28.7, 303.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.856 [0.565, 1.280] mg/100g (wet weight); |