Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811)
American shad
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Alosa sapidissima AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Alosa sapidissima
Photo de Flescher, D.
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Photo de Flescher, D.
Classification / Noms Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335); sapidissima: sapidissima meaning most delicious (Ref. 1998).
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335); sapidissima: sapidissima meaning most delicious (Ref. 1998).
Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution Écologie
marin; eau douce; saumâtre pelagic-neritic; anadrome (Ref. 138280); profondeur 0 - 250 m (Ref. 6793). Subtropical; 54°N - 28°N, 84°W - 52°W (Ref. 86798)
Distribution Territoires | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Carte par point | Introductions | Faunafri
North America: Atlantic coast from Labrador, Canada to St. Johns River, Florida, USA; ascends coastal rivers during spring spawning migrations. Introduced into Sacramento River, California in 1870s and has spread along Pacific Coast from Kamchatka, Russia to Todos Santos Bay, Mexico. Landlocked in Millerton Lake, California, USA.
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 43.4, range 38 - 48.5 cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 6885); 61.7 cm SL (female); common length : 50.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 188); poids max. publié: 5.5 kg (Ref. 7251); âge max. reporté: 13 années (Ref. 72462)
Max length : 76.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 6885); 61.7 cm SL (female); common length : 50.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 188); poids max. publié: 5.5 kg (Ref. 7251); âge max. reporté: 13 années (Ref. 72462)
Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie
Épines dorsales (Total) : 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 15 - 19; Épines anales: 0; Rayons mous anaux: 18 - 24; Vertèbres: 51 - 60. Moderately compressed, belly with a distinct keel. Lower jaw not rising steeply within mouth. Gill rakers long and slender (fewer in young). Silvery in color with blue or blue-green metallic luster on back (Ref. 1998). A dark spot on shoulder, sometimes followed by several more, or even a second row. Resembles A. pseudoharengus with lower jaw rising steeply within mouth, eyes larger, and fewer lower gill rakers, as also A. aestivalis and A. mediocris (Ref. 188). Silvery, with a green or bluish back (Ref. 7251). Branchiostegal rays 7 (Ref. 4639).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Adults spend most of their life at sea, returning to freshwater streams to breed (Ref. 27547). They inhabit open water of large rivers (Ref. 86798). Non-spawning adults are found in schools near the surface of continental shelf waters in spring, summer and fall (Ref. 7135); also found in brackish waters (Ref. 4607). Newly hatched larvae are found in rivers during the summer; by autumn they enter the sea and remain there until maturity. Juveniles form schools at 20-30 mm TL and gradually move downstream (Ref. 4639). Adults feed on plankton, mainly copepods and mysids, occasionally on small fishes. Feeding ceases during upstream spawning migration and resumes during the downstream post-spawning migration (Ref. 1998). Commercially caught in rivers and estuaries during spawning migration (Ref. 1998). Utilized fresh, salted, or smoked. The roe is esteemed. Eaten pan-fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988). Possibly to 375 m depth (Ref. 6793). Parasites found are nematodes, Acanthocephala, copepods and distomes (Ref. 37032).
Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Some shad spawn immediately on entering fresh water while others may undertake fairly long journeys, as much as 630 km upstream, to their favored spawning grounds (Ref. 4607). Enters rivers as early as November (Florida) and as late as May or June in the north, depending on water temperature (peak runs at about 18.5 °C). Spawning occurs at sundown and continues until after midnight. The fish pair and swim close together, releasing eggs and milt (Ref. 27547). Adults descend shortly after spawning, the young in the autumn.
Spawning reported from 8-26°C, generally occurs at 12-21°C (Ref. 38954).
Référence principale
Téléchargez vos références | Références | Coordinateur | Collaborateurs
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Préoccupation mineure (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 August 2018
CITES
Not Evaluated
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
FAO - pêcheries: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Plus d'informations
Écologie trophique
Aliments (proies)
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Rations alimentaires
Prédateurs
Aliments (proies)
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Rations alimentaires
Prédateurs
Dynamique des populations
Paramètres de croissance
Âges / tailles maximales
Longueur-poids rel.
Rel. longueur-longueur.
Fréquences de longueurs
Conversion de masse
Recrutement
Abondance
Paramètres de croissance
Âges / tailles maximales
Longueur-poids rel.
Rel. longueur-longueur.
Fréquences de longueurs
Conversion de masse
Recrutement
Abondance
Cycle de vie
Reproduction
Maturité
Maturité/épines rel.
Fécondité
Frai
Agrégats de frai
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Reproduction
Maturité
Maturité/épines rel.
Fécondité
Frai
Agrégats de frai
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Anatomie
Surface branchiale
Cerveau
Otolithe
Surface branchiale
Cerveau
Otolithe
Physiologie
Composition corporelle
Nutriments
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de natation
Vitesse de nage
Pigments visuels
Son de poisson
Maladies et parasites
Toxicité (CL50)
Composition corporelle
Nutriments
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de natation
Vitesse de nage
Pigments visuels
Son de poisson
Maladies et parasites
Toxicité (CL50)
Liées à l'homme
Systèmes d'aquaculture
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Cas de ciguatera
Timbres, pièces de monnaie, divers
Systèmes d'aquaculture
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Cas de ciguatera
Timbres, pièces de monnaie, divers
Outils
E-book | Guide de terrain | Clés d'identification | Générateur de fréquences de longueur | Outil de dynamique de population | Carte par point |
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Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genre, Espèce | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - pêcheries: landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | OceanAdapt | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Arbre de Vie | Wikipedia: aller à, chercher | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record
Estimations basées sur des modèles
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Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.00661 (0.00404 - 0.01081), b=3.08 (2.94 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
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Niveau trophique (Réf. 69278) |
3.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies. |
| Generation time | 5.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies. |
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Résilience (Réf. 120179) |
Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.14; tm=4.7). |
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Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100). 🛈 |
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Vulnérabilité climatique (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100). 🛈 |
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Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766) |
Low. |
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Nutriments (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 19.3 [10.1, 94.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.41 [0.61, 3.68] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.4, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.77 [0.41, 1.51] g/100g; Selenium = 30.3 [16.6, 55.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.2 [2.6, 43.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.412 [0.273, 0.736] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |