Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino associati a barriera corallina; non migratori; distribuzione batimetrica 5 - 330 m (Ref. 13442), usually 70 - 330 m (Ref. 13442). Subtropical; 35°N - 27°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Bermuda; strays occur north to Massachusetts.
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 54.4, range 35 - 98 cm
Max length : 125 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 26340); common length : 50.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5217); peso massimo pubblicato: 23.0 kg (Ref. 9710); Età massima riportata: 25 anni (Ref. 5222)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 11; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 16 - 17; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 8 - 10. Color of head and body dark reddish brown, shading to pink or reddish below. Opercle with 3 flat spines, the middle one being the largest. Vertical fins angulate in larger fish. Pelvic fins shorter than pectorals and inserted slightly behind ventral and pectoral-fin base. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. No saddle on caudal peduncle. Interspinous membranes not incised (Ref. 26938); head length 2.3-2.5 times in SL; convex interorbital; subangular preopercle, serrae at angle slightly enlarged; straight upper edge of operculum; posterior and anterior nostrils subequal (Ref. 89707).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Adults occur mainly over rocky and muddy bottoms. Uncommon around coral reefs. Usually rest on the bottom (Ref. 9710). Juveniles may be found in shallow water, but adults are usually taken from depths of 70-330 m (Ref. 13442). Feed on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 55367). Most females transform to males between ages 7 to 14. Susceptible to red tide toxin (Ptychodiscus brevi) (Ref. 5222). Marketed fresh or frozen. The world record for hook and line, 39 lbs., from Cape Canaveral, Florida (Ref. 13442).
Sex change occurs at 75.5 cm TL and 9.5 years of age (Ref. 55367).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Usi umani
Pesca: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si; Acquario: Acquari pubblici
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
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Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01445 (0.00936 - 0.02232), b=3.01 (2.89 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio. 69278) |
3.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies. |
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Generation time |
8.9 (6.9 - 10.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 15 growth studies. |
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio. 120179) |
Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.1-0.18; tm=4-6; tmax=25; Fec=1.4 million). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 2 full stock assessments. |
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (64 of 100). 🛈 |
Vulnerabilità climatica (Ref. 125649) |
High vulnerability (63 of 100). 🛈 |
Categoria di prezzo (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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Nutrienti (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 9.76 [3.62, 22.19] mg/100g; Iron = 0.41 [0.20, 0.85] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.5, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.176 [0.093, 0.338] g/100g; Selenium = 30.3 [14.5, 64.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.2 [15.5, 263.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.743 [0.486, 1.122] mg/100g (wet weight); |