Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut; payau dasar (demersal); katadromus (ruaya dari air tawar ke laut) (Ref. 138297); kisaran kedalaman 10 - ? m (Ref. 3573). Subtropical; 47°N - 29°N, 11°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Atlantic coasts from Morocco to France. Introduced to Iran and is now naturally occurring in the Caspian Sea basin (Ref. 50218).
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 21.3, range 17 - 22 cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL jantan/; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9987); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 4 Tahun (Ref. 27030)
Adults usually in schools inhabit coastal waters (Ref. 3573); sometimes in lagoons and estuaries (Ref. 59043). Juveniles around 2.0 cm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in summer and autumn (Ref. 59043). Adults are herbivorous feeding on algae and vegetal detritus while juveniles feed on zooplankton until about 3 cm SL, then on benthic organisms until 5 cm SL (Ref. 9987, 59043). Reproduce in summer (Ref. 2804). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Utilized for roe, but also fresh, smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Budidaya air: komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
|
Bayesian length-weight
|
a=0.01047 (0.00873 - 0.01257), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan 69278) |
2.9 ±0.38 se; based on food items. |
|
Generation time |
4.2 (3.4 - 5.5) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12 growth studies. |
Daya lenting (Acuan 120179) |
sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.1-0.3; tm=2-4; tmax=4). |
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100). 🛈 |
Kerentanan Iklim (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100). 🛈 |
kategori harga (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
|
Nutrisi (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 51.7 [14.1, 292.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.722 [0.360, 1.278] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [17.0, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.73 [0.33, 1.67] g/100g; Selenium = 6.96 [2.86, 17.33] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.3 [3.7, 38.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.621 [0.386, 0.987] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |