Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino; acqua dolce; salmastro demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 2 - 25 m (Ref. 55207), usually 2 - 6 m (Ref. 55207). Subtropical; 39°N - 13°N, 100°W - 72°W (Ref. 55207)
Western Atlantic: Chesapeake Bay to southern Florida in the USA and the Gulf of Mexico south to northern island, Colombia. Records from South America doubtful (Ref. 7251).
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 22.0, range 22 - 23 cm
Max length : 61.0 cm WD maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 6902); common length : 27.0 cm WD maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 6902); common length :39 cm WD (female); peso massimo pubblicato: 4.9 kg (Ref. 40637)
Prominent triangular snout. Broadly rounded outer corners of disc. Upper surface brown or yellowish brown, paler toward margins of disc. Lower surface white (Ref. 6902). Few scapular spines. Middorsal row of spines present, but few on tail beyond pelvic fins (Ref. 7251).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
Adults inhabit coastal waters, including estuaries and lagoons (Ref. 12951), mangroves (Ref. 138854) and ascend rivers (Ref. 12951). They feed on tube anemones, polychaete worms, small crustaceans, clams, and serpent stars (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Parturition occurs in July and August (Ref. 27549). Litters of 2-3 pups; gestation 4 months (Ref. 114953).
Ciclo vitale e comportamento di accoppiamento
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecondità | Larve
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Harmless
Usi umani
Pesca: di nessun interesse
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
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Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00447 (0.00189 - 0.01053), b=3.12 (2.92 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio. 69278) |
3.5 ±0.42 se; based on food items. |
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio. 120179) |
Molto basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione più di 14 anni (K=0.26-0.31; Fec assumed <10). |
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref. 59153) |
Very high vulnerability (76 of 100). 🛈 |
Nutrienti (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 15.8 [2.1, 309.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.739 [0.068, 8.595] mg/100g; Protein = 22.3 [20.0, 24.4] %; Omega3 = 0.199 [0.062, 0.591] g/100g; Selenium = 14.8 [2.7, 68.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.9 [0.6, 69.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.726 [0.053, 8.530] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |