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Eurasia: North, Baltic, White, Barents, Black and Caspian Sea basins; Aegean Sea basin only in Maritza drainage; eastward to Kolyma drainage (Siberia); westward to Rhine and eastern drainages of England. Absent from North Sea basin in Sweden and Norway. In Baltic basin north to about 66°N. Widely introduced to Italy, England and France but possibly often confused with Carassius gibelio (Ref. 59043). At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. 歐亞大陸: 西班牙橫越歐洲與中北亞到中國北方。 歐洲的魚動物相的一個建立良好要素。 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm? range ? - ? cm Max length : 64.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6114); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 3.0 kg (Ref. 556); 最大年齡: 10 年 (Ref. 59043)
背棘 (總數) : 3 - 4; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 22; 臀棘: 2 - 3; 臀鰭軟條: 5 - 7; 脊椎骨: 32. Diagnosed from its congeners in Europe by having the following characters: body golden-green shining color; last simple anal and dorsal rays weakly serrated; 23-33 gill rakers; lateral line with 31-36 scales; free edge of dorsal convex; anal fin usually with 6½ branched rays; and peritoneum white (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 18-20 rays (Ref. 2196). No barbels. The third dorsal and anal-fin rays are strong and serrated posteriorly. Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal. 尾鰭有 18-20個鰭條。 (參考文獻 2196) 沒有觸鬚。 第三個背鰭與臀鰭-鰭條在後部地是強的與鋸齒狀的。
Adults occur in shallow ponds, lakes rich in vegetation and slow moving rivers. They burrow in mud in the dry season or during winter (Ref. 2163). Usually restricted to densely vegetated backwaters and oxbows of lowland rivers. Can survive at high temperatures and at very low oxygen concentrations during summer and under ice cover (Ref. 59043). Tolerates cold, organic pollutants, and low oxygen levels in the water (Ref. 30578). Feeds all day but mainly at night on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant materials and detritus. Usually does not occur in waters with rich ichthyofauna and abundant predatory species, but very abundant in the absence of other fish species. Spawns in dense submerged vegetation (Ref. 59043). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Live up to about 10 years. There is a gradual but continuing extirpation in many water bodies, especially in Danube drainage and central Europe, possibly to due competition with introduced Carassius gibelio in non-optimal habitats (Ref. 59043).
Females spawn multiple times during the spawning period (Ref. 88808). Reproduction in May-June in shallow water with dense vegetation, eggs 130000-250000/female adhere to plants, hatch after 4-8 days (Ref. 2163). Individual female spawn with several males. Males follow ripe females, often with much splashing. Eggs are sticky and are attached to water plants (Ref. 59043).歐亞大陸: 西班牙橫越歐洲與中北亞到中國北方。 歐洲的魚動物相的一個建立良好要素。 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
