البيئة: الوسط / المنطقة المناخية / نطاق العمق / نطاق التوزيع
البيئة
بحري القاع; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 55 - 914 m (Ref. 58452). Temperate; 55°N - 24°N, 80°W - 42°W (Ref. 54581)
Northwest Atlantic: coast of Canada and USA from Bell Isle Channel to the Bahamas; most common from southern Newfoundland to South Carolina.
الطول عند النضج الأول / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 23.2  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 1371); common length : 37.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 1371); common length :65 cm TL (female); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 2.3 kg (Ref. 1371); العمر: 12 سنين (Ref. 1371)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 1; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 47 - 54; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 37 - 41. Head large, about 30% of SL . Pectoral fins long, reaching origin of anal fin. Overall color is silvery, somewhat brownish on back, whitish on belly.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: oval.
Abundant on sandy grounds and strays into shallower waters. A voracious predator with cannibalistic habits. Individuals over 40 cm TL prey on fishes such as gadoids and herring, while smaller ones feed on crustaceans, i.e. euphausiids and pandalids; food also includes gaspereau, myctophids, smelt, silversides, mackerel, sand lance, butterfish, snakeblennies, longhorn sculpins and squids (Ref. 5951). The smallest specimen feeds mostly on crustaceans (Ref. 58452). Exhibits seasonal onshore-offshore migration (Ref. 9988). Spawning takes place from June-July in the mid-Atlantic region; July-August in the Gulf of Maine and to the north of Georges Bank, and August-September on the Scotian Shelf (Ref. 58452). Marketed fresh, smoked and frozen; fresh fish are exported to European markets; eaten fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Spawning appears to be strongly influenced by water temperature, and annual variations occur both in the peak and the range of the spawning period, which may influence considerably the growth of juveniles.
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
حالة القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة والموارد الطبيعية (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: ذو قيمة تاجرية عالية; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
تنزيل XML
مصادر علي الأنترنت
تقديرات تستند إلى النماذج
مؤشر التنوع الشُعبي الوراثي (مرجع 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00490 (0.00405 - 0.00592), b=3.10 (3.05 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
مستوى غذائي (مرجع 69278) |
4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies. |
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Generation time |
3.4 (2.7 - 4.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10 growth studies. |
المرونه (مرجع 120179) |
وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.18-0.4;tm=2-3; tmax=12). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.39, Based on 3 full stock assessments. |
ضعف الصيد (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100). 🛈 |
قابلية التأثر بالمناخ (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100). 🛈 |
فئة السعر (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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المغذيات (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 12.4 [6.5, 37.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.245 [0.086, 0.595] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [16.6, 18.7] %; Omega3 = 0.276 [0.189, 0.400] g/100g; Selenium = 28.2 [14.6, 52.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.2 [4.9, 58.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.279 [0.197, 0.387] mg/100g (wet weight); |