分类 / 名称 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Taxonomic Remarks
The list of synonyms must be entirely reviewed at the light of recent publications.
Leuciscus orientalis Nordmann, 1840 is considered valid in Eschmeyer (CofF ver. May 2011: Ref. 86870). This is allocated to Squalius in Ref. 84537, a valid name, but secondary homonym Squalius orientalis Heckel, 1847 needs a replacement name.
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围 生态学
; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 6.0 - 7.8; dH range: 8 - 25; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - ? m. 溫帶; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 64°N - 35°N, 10°W - 60°E
分布 领土 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | 分布图 | 简介 | Faunafri
Eurasia: North, Baltic, northern Black, White, Barents and Caspian Sea basins, Atlatinc basins southward to Adour drainages (France), Great Britain north to 56°C, Scandinavia: southern Finland, Sweden north to abut Stockholm. Mediterranean basin from Var to Hérault (possibly Aude) (France) drainages. Introduced elsewhere, Naturally absent from Italy and Adriatic basin.
歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm 25.0, range 7 - 30 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 8.0 kg (Ref. 2196); 最大年龄: 22 年 (Ref. 41616)
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 8.0 kg (Ref. 2196); 最大年龄: 22 年 (Ref. 41616)
简单描述 检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 3; 背的软条 (总数) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 7 - 10; 脊椎骨: 42 - 48. Differs from its congeners in France, North, Baltic, Arctic, Black and Caspian Sea basins by the possession of the following characters: dorsal profile with a well-marked discontinuity between head and trunk; a row of black pigments along free margin of each flank scale, forming a regular reticulate pattern, with no or very few pigments on central part of scales; anal and pelvic fins orange to red; dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays; anal fin with 8½ branched rays (rarely 9½); scales on lateral line 40-45 + 2-3; mouth terminal, with well marked chin; lower jaw tip not included in the upper lip; interorbital distance 37-42% HL; postorbital distance 47-51% HL; eye diameter 17-22% HL, 1.5-2.3 times in snout length; body depth 22-27% SL; lower jaw long, length greater than depth of operculum; iris whitish; pharyngeal teeth 2,5-5,2; in stretched anal fin of individuals larger than about 15 cm SL, distance between tips of first and last branched rays usually greater than caudal peduncle depth (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
尾鳍有 19个鳍条。 (参考文献 2196)
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
尾鳍有 19个鳍条。 (参考文献 2196)
Most abundant in small rivers and large streams of barbel zone with riffles and pools. Found along shores of slow-flowing lowland rivers, even in very small mountain streams, and in large lake, undertaking spawning migration to inflowing streams. Adults are solitary while juveniles occur in groups. Feeding larvae and juveniles live in very shallow shoreline habitats. Feed on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Large individuals prey predominantly on fishes. Breed in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Often form fertile hybrids with Alburnus alburnus (Ref. 59043). Popular with amateur sport fishermen. Can be caught with various baits and lures. The flesh is of poor quality (Ref. 38587).
出现于小溪与快速的流动河, 偶见于湖.(参考文献 30578) 在波罗地海东部中进入半淡咸水。 吃藻类, 植物碎屑与已经掉入水中的各种不同的种子。 (参考文献 9696) 也吃蠕虫，软件动物，甲壳动物与各种不同的昆虫幼生; 大的鲦鱼吃小鱼的相当多数量，例如鲦鱼，鳗鱼，条鱼， roach 鱼，白杨鱼与条鱼类; 也青蛙，小龙虾，野鼠类与水鸟幼体.(参考文献 6258) 淡黄色的卵被发现在流动的水依附于砾石，杂草与石头。 (参考文献 41678) 受到业余钓客的欢迎。 能被用各种不同的诱饵与饵捕获。 肉是有不好不坏品质的。 (参考文献 38587)
出现于小溪与快速的流动河, 偶见于湖.(参考文献 30578) 在波罗地海东部中进入半淡咸水。 吃藻类, 植物碎屑与已经掉入水中的各种不同的种子。 (参考文献 9696) 也吃蠕虫，软件动物，甲壳动物与各种不同的昆虫幼生; 大的鲦鱼吃小鱼的相当多数量，例如鲦鱼，鳗鱼，条鱼， roach 鱼，白杨鱼与条鱼类; 也青蛙，小龙虾，野鼠类与水鸟幼体.(参考文献 6258) 淡黄色的卵被发现在流动的水依附于砾石，杂草与石头。 (参考文献 41678) 受到业余钓客的欢迎。 能被用各种不同的诱饵与饵捕获。 肉是有不好不坏品质的。 (参考文献 38587)
生命周期和交配行为 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Spawning occurs in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Female spawn more than once during a season, individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning site and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Females lays sticky eggs into the gravel (Ref. 59043). Pale yellow eggs are found attached to gravel, weed and stones in flowing water (Ref. 41678).歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
主要参考文献
上传您的参考资料 | 参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
CITES
Not Evaluated
对人类的威胁
无害处的
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的
FAO - 水产养殖系统: production search渔业: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource |
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基于模型的估算
|
系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.00724 (0.00659 - 0.00797), b=3.13 (3.10 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
|
营养阶层 (参考文献 69278) |
2.7 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies. |
|
回复力 (参考文献 120179) |
中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.12-0.28; tm=3-7; tmax=10; Fec=20,000). |
|
渔业脆弱性 (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (61 of 100). 🛈 |
|
价格分类 (Ref. 80766) |
Unknown. |
|
营养素 (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 61.4 [32.2, 102.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.525 [0.185, 1.180] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.4, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.633 [0.336, 1.237] g/100g; Selenium = 11.5 [6.0, 22.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.6 [8.6, 52.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.56 [0.33, 1.18] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |