Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 100 - 1000 m, usually 100 - 500 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 3°C - 7°C (Ref. 35388); 79°N - 39°N, 75°W - 71°E
Eastern Atlantic: Kattegat and North Sea, northward to Spitsbergen, southern part of Barents Sea eastward to Kanin Banks and Novaya Zemlya, rare in White Sea, Iceland and eastern Greenland. Western Atlantic: Greenland and southeastern Labrador in Canada to New Jersey in USA (Ref. 7251).
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 38.9, range 38 - 41 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 4570); common length : 45.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 4570); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 15.0 kg (Ref. 35388); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 60 Tahun (Ref. 35388)
Found off the coast from 100-1000 m; juveniles found in fjords, bays and inshore waters. Normally trawled in deep water (Ref. 9988). Benthic (Ref. 5951). Feed mostly on euphausiids in summer; herrings in autumn and winter; capelins, herrings, euphausiids and ctenophores in spring. Gregarious throughout life. A slow growing species (Ref. 9988). Ovoviviparous, gonads of male and female do not mature at the same time. The spermatozoa are kept in the ovary of the female after copulation until such time that the eggs ripen paving the way for fertilization (Ref. 74488). Copulation takes place in late summer or early autumn (Ref. 35388, 34817); in winter females give birth to 50,000-350,000 pelagic larvae of 8 mm length (Ref. 35388). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Gonads of male and female do not mature at the same time. The spermatozoa are kept in the ovary of the female after copulation until such time that the eggs ripen paving the way for fertilisation (Ref. 74488). Gives birth to 50,000-350,000 pelagic larvae of 8 mm length (Ref. 35388).
Fernholm, B. and A. Wheeler, 1983. Linnaean fish specimens in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 78(3):199-286. (Ref. 83993)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: bernilai komersial tinggi; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01380 (0.00635 - 0.03000), b=3.05 (2.87 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan 69278) |
4.0 ±0.68 se; based on food items. |
Daya lenting (Acuan 120179) |
Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (rm=0.23; K=0.06-0.08; tm=10-12; tmax=60; Fec= 19,000-350,000). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.30, 95% CL = 0.20 - 0.45, Based on 5 full stock assessments. |
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref. 59153) |
High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100). 🛈 |
Kerentanan Iklim (Ref. 125649) |
High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100). 🛈 |
kategori harga (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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Nutrisi (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 12.3 [5.5, 33.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.23 [0.10, 0.51] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [17.1, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 1.29 [0.51, 3.25] g/100g; Selenium = 44.8 [19.0, 116.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.7 [6.3, 68.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.342 [0.187, 0.613] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |