Alosa fallax, Twaite shad : fisheries

Alosa fallax (Lacepède, 1803)

Twaite shad
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Alosa fallax   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Alosa fallax
Foto de Stergiou, K.I.

Clasificación / Nombres Nombres comunes | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes(Género, Especie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Lacepède.

Taxonomic Remarks
5 subspecies known.

Entorno: milieu / zona climática / rango de profundidad / gama de distribución Ecología

marino; agua dulce; salobre pelagic-neritic; anadromo (Ref. 138126); rango de profundidad 10 - 400 m (Ref. 2945). Temperate; 66°N - 27°N, 25°W - 42°E

Distribución Territorios | Áreas FAO | Ecosistemas | Ocurrencias, apariciones | Mapa de puntos | Introducciones | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: Atlantic coasts from southern and western Iceland to northern Morocco (Ref. 188, 6683), including North Sea (Ref. 6683), Baltic Sea (Ref. 188, 6683); also Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 188, 3397, 6683) and Black Sea (Ref. 188, 3397, 26334). Several subspecies have been recognized based on the number of gill rakers and geographical location (Ref. 10541); some have since been given species-status (Ref. 59043).

Longitud en la primera madurez / Tamaño / Peso / Edad

Madurez: Lm 32.5  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 35388); common length : 40.0 cm SL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 2945); peso máximo publicado: 1.5 kg (Ref. 188); edad máxima reportada: 25 años (Ref. 556)

Descripción breve Claves de identificación | Morfología | Morfometría

Espinas dorsales (total) : 0; Radios blandos dorsales (total) : 16 - 22; Espinas anales: 0; Radios blandos anales: 19 - 26; Vértebra: 49 - 59. Diagnosis: Body somewhat compressed, moderately deep with depth at pectoral fin less than head length, scutes apparent along belly (Ref. 188). Upper jaw notched, lower jaw fitting into it; no teeth on palatine and vomer; gillrakers fairly short and stout, total 30 to 80, shorter than gill filaments (Ref. 188, 59043). Usually a series of 4-8 black blotches behind gill opening, but sometimes a single blotch, the others faint or absent (Ref. 188, 40476, 59043). Alosa fallax resembles Alosa alosa, which has more and longer gillrakers and at most only 3 dark spots on flank (Ref. 188).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.

Biología     Glosario (por ej. epibenthic)

Amphihaline species (Ref. 51442), schooling and strongly migratory, but apparently not penetrating far up rivers (Ref. 188, 6683). Adults are usually found in open waters along the coast (Refs. 59043, 89486); juveniles are usually found along estuaries and near the shore (Ref. 59043), possibly making vertical diurnal movements synchronized with the tides; they remain in estuaries for over one year (Ref. 89630). Several landlocked (lake) non-migratory populations exist (Ref. 10541). Mostly anadromous, entering river mouths in March (Italy) or early June (northenr European rivers) to spawn in or above the tidal reaches; adults probably return to sea not long after spawning (Ref. 188, 6683). Eggs are demersal and widely scattered among sand or gravel on river bed (Ref. 118, 6683). Ichthyophagous, feeds on small fishes and crustaceans, the young taking the fry of herrings, sprats and gobies (Ref. 188, 51442). Females grow faster and are always larger than males of the same age (Ref. 10541). Very locally distributed due to pollution and impoundment of large rivers throughout Europe and most populations declined during the first decade of the 20th century, but seem to have stabilized at a low level since then (Ref. 59043). It has been suggested that members of the genus Alosa are hearing specialists with the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) having been found to detect and respond to sounds up to at least 180 kHz (Ref. 89631). This may aid in predator avoidance (e.g. cetaceans) (Ref. 89632). Hybridization between this species and the allis shad (Alosa alosa) has been reported from the Rhine (Ref. 89633) as well as rivers in France and Algeria (Ref. 10541). There is some evidence that indicates that shad hybrids may reproduce (Ref. 27567).

Ciclo vital y comportamiento de apareamiento Madurez | Reproducción | Puesta | Huevos | Fecundidad | Larva

Adults in the sea begin to congregate near mouths of estuaries in April. Enter estuaries and ascend rivers in May and June when water temperature is between 10-14 °C (Refs. 188, 51442, 59043, 89636). Males begin such movements at 2-3 years, females at 3-4 years (Ref. 59043). Although movement upstream is usually limited to a few kilometres above the brackish zone (Refs. 59043, 89486), spawning has also been reported in non-tidal freshwater areas up to 400 km upstream (Ref. 89637). Gametogenesis occurs in the estuaries. Early arrivals in the rivers are mostly males, with the sex ratio becoming more equal with the later arrivals (Ref. 42360). Spawning movements occur with spring tides and peak when river discharge levels are high (Refs. 89636, 89638). However, when flows are too high, movements upstream become limited (Refs. 89636, 89639). Spawn when water temperature is anywhere between 12-22 °C (Ref. 10541). Move to riverine spawning grounds at night; spawn in large, very noisy schools near surface and leave these areas before daybreak (Ref. 10541). Spawning sites consist of sand and gravel areas with flowing water (Ref. 10541). Spent adults return to the sea and may spawn for 3-4 seasons throughout their lifetime (Refs. 30578, 51442, 59043). Most individuals will have lost 22 % of their body weight after spawning (Ref. 89640). There is some evidence that most individuals return to their natal rivers to spawn (Refs. 10541, 59043). Eggs either drift with the current or sink to the bottom (Ref. 59043, 89641). Eggs hatch after 2-8 days, depending on water temperature (optimal 15-25 °C) (Refs. 35387, 41851). Larvae and juveniles move towards the estuaries and river mouths during their first summer and to the sea at the end of their second year (Ref. 59043). Males mature mainly between the ages of 2-5 years, females between 3-7 years (Ref. 188, 2163, 10541). Length at maturity is between 30-40 cm total length (Ref. 88187).

Referencia principal Suba sus referencias | Referencias | Coordinador | Colaboradores

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

Situación en la Lista Roja de la UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 26 June 2022

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Amenaza para el ser humano

  Harmless





Usos humanos

Pesquerías: escaso valor comercial
FAO - pesquerías: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Ecología Trófica
Alimentos (presas)
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Herramientas

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Fuentes de Internet

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Género, Especie | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - pesquerías: landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Bases de datos nacionales | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Acuarios públicos | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Árbol de la vida | Wikipedia: Go, búsqueda | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Expediente Zoológico

Estimaciones basadas en modelos

Índice de diversidad filogenética
(Referencia 82804) 		PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.00562 (0.00475 - 0.00666), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Nivel trófico
(Referencia 69278) 		4.0   ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 3.1 (2.2 - 4.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 14 growth studies.
Resiliencia
(Referencia 120179) 		Medio, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo de 1.4-4.4 años (K=0.21-0.38; tm=2-7; tmax=25; Fec>10,000).
Vulnerabilidad pesquera
(Ref. 59153) 		Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100). 🛈
Vulnerabilidad climática
(Ref. 125649) 		Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100). 🛈
Categoría de precios
(Ref. 80766) 		Low.
Nutrientes
(Ref. 124155) 		Calcium = 9.95 [4.94, 51.06] mg/100g; Iron = 0.495 [0.207, 1.198] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.1, 22.4] %; Omega3 = 1.53 [0.81, 2.92] g/100g; Selenium = 14.3 [7.1, 31.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.2 [3.7, 52.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.288 [0.182, 0.505] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.