Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
Milieu: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / verspreidingsgebied
Ecologie
marien demersaal; diepte 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). Subtropical
Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturiteit: Lm ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3263); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Korte beschrijving
Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: bycatch; sportvis: ja
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Internetbronnen
Schattingen op basis van modellen
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00851 (0.00397 - 0.01825), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278) |
3.9 ±0.65 se; based on food items. |
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179) |
Zeer laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd meer dan 14 jaar (Fec=10). |
Kwetsbaarheid van de visserij (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100). 🛈 |
Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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