Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1911)
Butterfly ray
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Gymnura natalensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
分类 / 名称 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii 板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围 生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). 亞熱帶的
分布 领土 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | 分布图 | 简介 | Faunafri
Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.
東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3263); 最大体重: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Max length : 250 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3263); 最大体重: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
简单描述 检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).
Body shape (shape guide): other.
宽的菱形胸盘几乎宽度为长度的两倍; 尾部短于身体有黑白的条纹与一个小的刺; 在每个呼吸孔的后缘的触须.(参考文献 5578) 灰色的，绿色的或上方褐色的, 时常有较深色的杂斑; 腹面白色的; 能快速地改变上体盘的颜色与底部相配。 (参考文献 5578)
Body shape (shape guide): other.
宽的菱形胸盘几乎宽度为长度的两倍; 尾部短于身体有黑白的条纹与一个小的刺; 在每个呼吸孔的后缘的触须.(参考文献 5578) 灰色的，绿色的或上方褐色的, 时常有较深色的杂斑; 腹面白色的; 能快速地改变上体盘的颜色与底部相配。 (参考文献 5578)
Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).
生存沙滩外，泥泞的河口与近海浅堆。 各别地发现或者较大时聚集。 (参考文献 5578) 吃多种鱼，螃蟹与多毛类的蠕虫。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 具有改变斑纹的能力，而且颜色以和环境配合。 (参考文献 3263) 被外海底拖网捕获了。 (参考文献 5578) 岸钓者钓获, 它因为它的被钓到时强烈的抵抗而被重视, 时常排出.(参考文献 5578)
生存沙滩外，泥泞的河口与近海浅堆。 各别地发现或者较大时聚集。 (参考文献 5578) 吃多种鱼，螃蟹与多毛类的蠕虫。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 具有改变斑纹的能力，而且颜色以和环境配合。 (参考文献 3263) 被外海底拖网捕获了。 (参考文献 5578) 岸钓者钓获, 它因为它的被钓到时强烈的抵抗而被重视, 时常排出.(参考文献 5578)
生命周期和交配行为 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
主要参考文献
上传您的参考资料 | 参考文献 | 合作者 : McEachran, John | 合作者
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)
CITES
Not Evaluated
对人类的威胁
无害处的
人类利用
渔业: bycatch; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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基于模型的估算
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系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.00851 (0.00397 - 0.01825), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
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营养阶层 (参考文献 69278) |
3.9 ±0.65 se; based on food items. |
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回复力 (参考文献 120179) |
非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=10). |
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渔业脆弱性 (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100). 🛈 |
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价格分类 (Ref. 80766) |
Medium. |