Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sand steenbras
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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Lithognathus mormyrus AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
上传你的 图片 和 影像
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Lithognathus mormyrus
图片提供人 Patzner, R.
照片 | 谷歌图片
图片提供人 Patzner, R.
分类 / 名称 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei > Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
环境：氛围 / 气候带 / 深度上下限 / 分布范围 生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 150 m (Ref. 3688), usually 10 - 20 m (Ref. 37413). 亚热带的; 48°N - 35°S, 25°W - 36°E
分布 领土 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | 分布图 | 简介 | Faunafri
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean, and Black Sea (Ref. 4781, 112870), Madeira Is (Ref. 74541), Canary Is. and Cape Verde Islands (Ref. 3688), southward to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Western Indian Ocean: southern Mozambique (Ref. 3688); Red Sea (Ref. 84159). Not found in tropical east Africa (Ref. 3198),
东大西洋: 比斯开湾，直布罗陀海峡与地中海，黑色与亚速海海洋到南非好望角与莫桑比克海峡。 也加纳利群岛与维德角的周围发现, 但是不在马得拉群岛.(参考文献 4781) 西印度洋: 红海; 莫桑比克南部到好望角; 不出现在热带的非洲东部。 (参考文献 3198)
东大西洋: 比斯开湾，直布罗陀海峡与地中海，黑色与亚速海海洋到南非好望角与莫桑比克海峡。 也加纳利群岛与维德角的周围发现, 但是不在马得拉群岛.(参考文献 4781) 西印度洋: 红海; 莫桑比克南部到好望角; 不出现在热带的非洲东部。 (参考文献 3198)
首次成熟时的长度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
成熟度: Lm 17.4, range 20 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3688); 最大年龄: 12 年 (Ref. 13716)
Max length : 55.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3688); 最大年龄: 12 年 (Ref. 13716)
简单描述 检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 12 - 13; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 10 - 11.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Found on the shelf, over sandy and muddy bottoms as well as seagrass-beds and estuaries. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans. Protandric hermaphrodite (Ref. 3688). Flesh excellent (Ref. 3198); sold fresh and dried.
栖息于大陆棚了, 在沙泥底之上以及海草床与河口。 群居的, 有时形成可大小的鱼群。 吃蠕虫，软件动物与小型甲壳动物。 雄性先熟的雌雄同体.(参考文献 3688) 肉优良的;(参考文献 3198) 卖了生鲜地与干制了。
栖息于大陆棚了, 在沙泥底之上以及海草床与河口。 群居的, 有时形成可大小的鱼群。 吃蠕虫，软件动物与小型甲壳动物。 雄性先熟的雌雄同体.(参考文献 3688) 肉优良的;(参考文献 3198) 卖了生鲜地与干制了。
生命周期和交配行为 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
A monandric species (Ref. 55367). In the northern Adriatic, overall male to female ratio was 1:1.62. Sex inversion occurred mainly between 24.1 and 35.2 cm TL and 3.5 years of age (Ref. 55367). Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, including possible gonochorism (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 28504.东大西洋: 比斯开湾，直布罗陀海峡与地中海，黑色与亚速海海洋到南非好望角与莫桑比克海峡。 也加纳利群岛与维德角的周围发现, 但是不在马得拉群岛.(参考文献 4781) 西印度洋: 红海; 莫桑比克南部到好望角; 不出现在热带的非洲东部。 (参考文献 3198)
主要参考文献
上传您的参考资料 | 参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
CITES
Not Evaluated
对人类的威胁
无害处的
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的
FAO - 渔业: landings search; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | 周边海洋
更多信息
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特别资料
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网络资源
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | 核实 FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: 属, 种 | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - 渔业: landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | 国家资料库 | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | 公众的水族馆 | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | 树状分类阶层 | Wikipedia: 转至, 搜寻 | World Records Freshwater Fishing | 动物学的记录
基于模型的估算
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系统发育多样性指数 (参考文献 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.01175 (0.01051 - 0.01313), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
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营养阶层 (参考文献 69278) |
3.5 ±0.39 se; based on food items. |
| Generation time | 4.8 (4.0 - 5.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12 growth studies. |
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回复力 (参考文献 120179) |
中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.24; tm=2). |
| Rate of population increase | Prior r = 0.54, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.81, Based on 1 full stock assessment. |
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渔业脆弱性 (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100). 🛈 |
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气候脆弱性 (Ref. 125649) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100). 🛈 |
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价格分类 (Ref. 80766) |
Medium. |
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营养素 (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 72.3 [42.6, 133.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.06 [0.62, 1.89] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.289, 0.641] g/100g; Selenium = 28.2 [14.1, 49.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.68 [3.47, 23.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.831 [0.601, 1.145] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |