Milieu: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / verspreidingsgebied
Ecologie
marien; zoet water; brak water demersaal; katadroom (Ref. 46888); diepte 2 - 15 m (Ref. 130217). Subtropical; 65°N - 12°N, 24°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic Ocean: from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and southern Norway to the Cape Verde archipelago; the Azores archipelago appears to be the westernmost limit of its range; the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturiteit: Lm 29.5  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 75.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 35388); common length : 32.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 7399); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 4.5 kg (Ref. 35388); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 25 Jaren (Ref. 35388)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 5; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 7 - 9; Anale stekels: 3; Anale zachte stralen: 8 - 9.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Adults are found inshore in schools, frequently entering brackish lagoons and freshwater (Ref. 30578). They migrate occasionally tending to move northward in summer-time as temperatures rise. Females are larger than males (Ref. 59043). Adults feed mainly on benthic diatoms, epiphytic algae, small invertebrates and detritus (Ref. 2804), juveniles only feed on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Reproduction occurs in the sea during winter (Ref. 30578). Eggs and larvae pelagic. Utilized as a food fish (Ref. 4645).
Juveniles around 2.0 cm SL move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in April-June and return to sea in summer (Ref. 59043).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja; Aquarium: Publieke aquaria
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Schattingen op basis van modellen
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00724 (0.00561 - 0.00936), b=3.11 (3.03 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278) |
2.6 ±0.32 se; based on food items. |
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179) |
laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (K=0.12-0.3; tm=3; tmax=25). |
Kwetsbaarheid van de visserij (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (63 of 100). 🛈 |
Kwetsbaarheid voor het klimaat (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100). 🛈 |
Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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Voedingsstoffen (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 39.2 [10.7, 335.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.623 [0.303, 1.151] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.5, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.399 [0.166, 0.964] g/100g; Selenium = 9.58 [3.60, 24.88] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.52 [2.12, 24.93] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.571 [0.342, 0.951] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |