البيئة: الوسط / المنطقة المناخية / نطاق العمق / نطاق التوزيع
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 10 - 200 m (Ref. 1371), usually 30 - 100 m (Ref. 1371). Temperate; 72°N - 35°N, 27°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: southeastern Barents Sea and Iceland to Portugal, also in the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea and adjacent areas. Rare in the northwestern Mediterranean.
الطول عند النضج الأول / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 28.2, range 28 - 30 cm
Max length : 91.5 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 106276); common length : 23.5 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 1371); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 3.1 kg (Ref. 40637); العمر: 20 سنين (Ref. 35388)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 30 - 40; أشعه شرجية لينه: 30 - 35. Body elongate; head small. Chin barbel small or absent. Lateral-line canals on head with pores. Color is variable; yellowish-brown, dark blue or green, sides yellowish grey, white and silvery on belly; often with a small dark blotch at the upper base of the pectoral fin.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: circular.
More commonly found from 30 to 100 m, mainly on mud and gravel bottoms, but also on sand and rock. Feed on shrimps, crabs, mollusks, small fish, polychaetes and cephalopods. Migrate to the open sea only after the first year of life. Eggs are pelagic. Larvae and juveniles are associated with jellyfish. Upon maturity, small chin barbel characteristic of juveniles disappear (Ref. 53061). Spawn in batches (Ref. 51846). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; eaten steamed, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988).
Oviparous, sexes are separate (Ref. 205).
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
حالة القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة والموارد الطبيعية (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: ذو قيمة تاجرية عالية; لعبة سمكه: نعم; حوض مائي: احواض مائية عامة
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
تنزيل XML
مصادر علي الأنترنت
تقديرات تستند إلى النماذج
مؤشر التنوع الشُعبي الوراثي (مرجع 82804) |
PD50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00631 (0.00561 - 0.00710), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
مستوى غذائي (مرجع 69278) |
4.4 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies. |
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Generation time |
5.3 (4.4 - 6.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 23 growth studies. |
المرونه (مرجع 120179) |
وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (rm=1.1-1.6(?); K=0.07-0.74; tm=1-4; tmax=20; Fec>100,000). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.49, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.74, Based on 20 full stock assessments. |
ضعف الصيد (Ref. 59153) |
High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100). 🛈 |
قابلية التأثر بالمناخ (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100). 🛈 |
فئة السعر (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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المغذيات (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 18 [9, 36] mg/100g; Iron = 0.2 [0.1, 0.6] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 1 [0, 2] g/100g; Selenium = 17.8 [8.2, 36.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.9 [3.0, 48.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.242 [0.129, 0.709] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |