Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina bottenlevande; djupintervall 18 - 1075 m (Ref. 58452), usually 70 - 400 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 76°N - 18°N, 30°W - 42°E (Ref. 58452)
Eastern Atlantic: Norway and Iceland, southward to Mauritania. Also in the Mediterranean Sea and along the southern coast of the Black Sea.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 42.1, range 20 - 70 cm
Max length : 140 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 1371); common length : 45.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 1371); publicerad maxvikt: 15.0 kg (Ref. 1371); rapporterad maxålder: 20 år (Ref. 35388)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 43 - 51; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 36 - 40. Inside of mouth and branchial cavity black. Second dorsal and anal fins notched. First vertebra and neural spine attached to skull. Vertebrae 50-52.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Minimum depth from Ref. 128002. Found usually between 70 and 370 m depth. Adults live close to the bottom during day-time, but move off-bottom at night. Adults feed mainly on fish (small hakes, anchovies, pilchard, herrings, cod fishes, sardines and gadoid species) and squids. The young feed on crustaceans (especially euphausiids and amphipods). Are batch spawners (Ref. 51846). Almost entirely marketed fresh, whole or filleted, to specialized restaurants or retail markets (Ref. 58452). Utilized fresh, dried or salted and frozen; can be steamed, fried, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Stocks seem to be over-fished (Ref. 35388).
Continuous recruitment of oocytes connotes indeterminate fecundity for this species (Ref. 79799).
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiellt viktig; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
Ladda ner XML
Internet-källor
Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
|
Bayesian length-weight
|
a=0.00513 (0.00447 - 0.00588), b=3.11 (3.07 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278) |
4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies. |
|
Generation time |
9.2 (8.5 - 10.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 92 growth studies. |
Resiliens (Ref. 120179) |
Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.1; tm=3, tmax=20; Fecundity=7 million). |
|
Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 34 full stock assessments. |
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (65 of 100). 🛈 |
Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100). 🛈 |
Priskategori (Ref. 80766) |
High.
|
Näringsämnen (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 8.42 [4.50, 24.86] mg/100g; Iron = 0.22 [0.08, 0.52] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [16.7, 18.7] %; Omega3 = 0.248 [0.172, 0.355] g/100g; Selenium = 34.6 [19.1, 64.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.8 [3.4, 39.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.246 [0.175, 0.341] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |