Milieu: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / verspreidingsgebied
Ecologie
marien pelagic-neritic; oceanodroom; diepte 3 - 80 m. Subtropical; 13°C - 23°C (Ref. 6); 1°N - 44°S, 110°W - 70°W
Southeast Pacific: from Galapagos to Aguja Point, Peru, south to Easter Island and Chiloé, Chile.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturiteit: Lm 12.0, range 10 - 12.5 cm
Max length : 20.0 cm SL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 189); common length : 14.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5504); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 3.00 Jaren (Ref. 189)
Korte beschrijving
Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Anale stekels: 0. Body elongate, slender, and rounded in cross section; snout long and prominent; lower branch of first gill arch with 34 to 49 gill rakers; anal fin with fewer than 22 rays, located behind dorsal fin base; body shiny blue or green (Ref. 55763). There is a silver stripe along flank in juveniles which disappears with age. The high number of gill rakers distinguishes it from all Pacific species of Anchoa.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: oval.
Adults occur mainly within 80 km of coast, forming huge schools, chiefly in surface waters. Are filter-feeders entirely dependent on the rich plankton of the Peruvian Current. In some studies, diatoms constituted as much as 98% of the diet. Large populations of guano birds and pelicans also depend on this fish (Ref. 9988). Utilized as fish meal and oil (Ref. 9988).
Eggs ellipsoidal.
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van groot commercieel belang
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Schattingen op basis van modellen
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00457 (0.00362 - 0.00577), b=3.13 (3.09 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278) |
2.9 ±0.38 se; based on food items. |
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Generation time |
1.3 (1.1 - 1.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 60 growth studies. |
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179) |
Hoog, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd minder dan 15 maanden (K=0.6-0.9; tm=1; tmax=3; batch fecundity > 10,000). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.83, 95% CL = 0.54 - 1.24, Based on 3 full stock assessments. |
Kwetsbaarheid van de visserij (Ref. 59153) |
Low vulnerability (17 of 100). 🛈 |
Kwetsbaarheid voor het klimaat (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100). 🛈 |
Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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Voedingsstoffen (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 233 [104, 574] mg/100g; Iron = 1.55 [0.73, 3.65] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.4, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.764 [0.444, 1.331] g/100g; Selenium = 16.8 [7.9, 39.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11 [2, 47] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.18 [0.73, 1.89] mg/100g (wet weight); |