Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution
Écologie
marin; saumâtre benthopélagique; océanodrome (Ref. 3688); profondeur 1 - 200 m (Ref. 4781), usually 30 - 50 m (Ref. 2683). Subtropical; 45°N - 17°S, 19°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Portugal and Strait of Gibraltar to Angola, including the Mediterranean.
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 18.7, range 17 - 23 cm
Max length : 90.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 4781); common length : 50.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 4781); poids max. publié: 11.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Generally found in hard bottoms (rocks and rubble), the older individuals in the deeper part of the range, the young in inshore areas. Feed mainly on bivalves and also on crustaceans and fish. Sexual maturity at 2 years old. Spawning migration occurs parallel to the coast with intermittent spawning between spring and autumn over soft bottoms in shallow waters (Ref. 3688).
Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
A different diagnosis of sexual pattern may arise for this species brought about by geographical variations (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 41163.
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
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Estimations basées sur des modèles
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01905 (0.01645 - 0.02207), b=2.95 (2.91 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Niveau trophique (Réf. 69278) |
3.7 ±0.54 se; based on food items. |
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Generation time |
5.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies. |
Résilience (Réf. 120179) |
Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (K=0.28; tmax=10; tm=2). |
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100). 🛈 |
Vulnérabilité climatique (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100). 🛈 |
Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766) |
High.
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Nutriments (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 37.1 [17.3, 70.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.04 [0.30, 2.90] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.1, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.253 [0.138, 0.453] g/100g; Selenium = 39 [17, 80] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.42 [1.82, 28.09] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.592 [0.297, 1.251] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |