分類 / 名稱
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays)
鰩目 (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
環境: 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 10 - 380 m (Ref. 6808). 溫帶; 60°N - 22°N, 18°W - 24°E
Eastern Atlantic: Shetland Islands to Morocco, Rio de Oro (Western Sahara), and Madeira.
東大西洋: 雪特蘭群島到摩洛哥,里奧德奧羅 (西撒哈拉) 與馬得拉群島。
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 90.2, range 60 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 41333); 125.0 cm TL (female); 最大體重: 14.3 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. Upper surface wholly prickly, except in juveniles; underside only prickly along front margins of disc; orbital thorns separate; a regular median row of 40-45 thorns in juveniles and adult females, interrupted on back in males; 60-90 tooth rows; upper surface ochre, with numerous small dark spots to margins of disc, underside white (Ref. 3167).
Body shape (shape guide): other; Cross section: flattened.
上表皮長滿刺又除了稚魚; 下面只有多刺的沿著體盤的前緣; 眼窩的刺分開; 40-45 的一般中央列在稚魚與雌性成魚中的刺,在雄性中中斷背面; 60-90個齒列; 上表皮黃土色, 有很多的對體盤邊緣的小深色的斑點, 腹面白色的.(參考文獻 3167)
Found on sand and sand-rock bottoms (Ref. 6808). Feed on all kinds of benthic animals (Ref. 3167). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 10.0-14.3 cm long and 5.8-9.0 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40-90 eggs are laid per individual every year (Ref. 41250).
棲息於沙子與砂岩底了。 (參考文獻 6808) 捕食各種的底棲動物。 (參考文獻 3167) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 10.0-14.3 公分長與 5.8-9.0 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41250) 大約 40-90個卵生產每個別的每年.(參考文獻 41250)
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Spawning mainly from February to August with at least 30 egg-cases laid (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 雪特蘭群島到摩洛哥,里奧德奧羅 (西撒哈拉) 與馬得拉群島。
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
近危 (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 15 April 2023
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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網路資源
基於模型的估計
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00229 (0.00147 - 0.00358), b=3.26 (3.14 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245). |
營養階層 (參考文獻 69278) |
3.8 ±0.61 se; based on food items. |
回復力 (參考文獻 120179) |
低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.12-0.19; tmax=15; Fec=40). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.20, 95% CL = 0.13 - 0.30, Based on 1 full stock assessment. |
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref. 59153) |
High to very high vulnerability (65 of 100). 🛈 |
氣候脆弱性 (Ref. 125649) |
High vulnerability (61 of 100). 🛈 |
價格種類 (Ref. 80766) |
Medium.
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營養素 (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 4.69 [0.73, 84.95] mg/100g; Iron = 0.26 [0.02, 2.99] mg/100g; Protein = 16.7 [13.9, 19.0] %; Omega3 = 0.869 [0.349, 2.113] g/100g; Selenium = 14.8 [3.0, 71.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.7 [0.6, 90.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.31 [0.02, 3.43] mg/100g (wet weight); |