Solea solea, Common sole : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, aquarium

Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common sole
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Solea solea   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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عکس ها | تمبر، سکه، متفرقه. | تصوير گوگل
Image of Solea solea (Common sole)
Solea solea
عکس از Canosa, C. & B.F. Souto

رده بندی / نام‌ها اسامي عام | مترادف | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, گونه ها) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

محیط زیست: محیط زیست / منطقه آب و هوایی / تغييرات عمق / محدوده توزیع بوم شناسي

دريايي; لب شور نزديك كف زي; اقیانوس رو (Ref. 51243); تغييرات عمق 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302). Subtropical; 8°C - 24°C (Ref. 4944); 64°N - 14°N, 25°W - 38°E (Ref. 54889)

پراكنش سرزمین‌ها | مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO) | اکوسیستم‌ها | ظهور | نقشه نقطه ای | معرفي | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea) (Ref. 4710). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal (Ref. 4710), including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).

طول در اولین بلوغ / اندازه / وزن / سن

بلوغ: Lm 30.3  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 5504); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5504); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 26 سال ها (Ref. 32766)

توصيف مختصر كليدهاي شناسايي | ريخت شناسي | ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري

خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 69 - 97; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 53 - 80; مهره ها: 46 - 52. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval, flat and asymmetric; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals (Ref. 57416). Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head (Ref. 4710). Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged (Ref. 4710, 57416), but surrounded by small rim (Ref. 57416). Its distance from front margin of head 1.5-1.9x in its distance from cleft of mouth; anterior nostril on eyed side with backward-pointing tube not or only barely reaching front border of lower eye (Ref. 4710). Preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and united to caudal fin by well-developed membrane, but caudal peduncle distinct; dorsal fin originating on horizontal axis through upper eye; pectoral fin on eyed side asymmetrical, with 7-10 rays, and on blind side slightly shorter; straight part of lateral line visible, supratemporal part slightly arched above eyes; body covered with rectangular ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.

زيست شناسي     واژه نامه (بعنوان مثال epibenthic)

Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

چرخه زندگی و رفتار جفت‌گیری بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | باروری | توزاد ( لارو)

Spawning takes place in shallow coastal waters at temperatures of 6 - 12°C. Reproduction starts after 3-5 years of age, when 25-30cm size is reached. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February-May (for example, off the coasts of Galicia), although in warmer areas (such as the Mediterranean), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. Incubation lasts about 5 days (at 1 2°) and larval phase 35 days (at 18°C).

مآخذ اصلی مراجع خود را بارگذاری کنید | مراجع | هماهنگ كننده | همكاران

Desoutter, M., 1992. Soleidae. p. 860-865. In C. Levêque, D. Paugy, and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres d'Afrique de l'Ouest Tome 2. Faune Tropicale n° 28. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France, 902. (Ref. 7395)

وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  کمبود داده (DD) ; Date assessed: 15 July 2014

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

خطر برای انسان ها

  Harmless





استفاده انسانی

ماهي گيري – شيلات: با ارزش تجاري بالا; آبزي پروري: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله; آكواريوم: آکواریوم عمومی
FAO - سیستم‌های آبزی‌پروری: production searchماهي گيري – شيلات: نمايه گونه, landings search; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | دریای اطراف ما

اطلاعات بيشتر

آناتومی
منطقه آبششي
مغز
اتولیت
ژنتيك
ژنوم
ژنتيك
هتروزیگوسیتی
وارث
تنوع ژنتیکی
مرتبط با انسان
سیستم‌های آبزی‌پروری
نمايه هاي آبزي پروري
نژادها
موارد سیگواترا
تمبر، سکه، متفرقه.
اطلاع رسانی
همكاران
مراجع
مراجع

ابزارها

گزارش های ويژه

بارگيری XML

منابع اينترنتي

تخمین‌ها بر اساس مدل‌ها

شاخص تنوع فیلوژنتیکی
(مرجع 82804)
PD50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.00661 (0.00576 - 0.00758), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
سطح تروفیک
(مرجع 69278)
3.2   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 3.9 (3.2 - 4.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31 growth studies.
جهندگی
(مرجع 120179)
متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.21-0.33; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=100,000).
Rate of population increase Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 40 full stock assessments.
آسیب‌پذیری ماهیگیری
(Ref. 59153)
Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100). 🛈
آسیب‌پذیری اقلیمی
(Ref. 125649)
Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100). 🛈
طبقه قيمت
(Ref. 80766)
Very high.
مواد مغذی
(Ref. 124155)
Calcium = 79.8 [29.8, 184.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.915 [0.416, 1.919] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.6, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.224 [0.141, 0.343] g/100g; Selenium = 17.2 [6.8, 47.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.77 [1.36, 16.81] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.453 [0.263, 1.007] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.