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| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Solea solea AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
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Solea solea
Photo de Canosa, C. & B.F. Souto
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Photo de Canosa, C. & B.F. Souto
Classification / Noms Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Solea: Latin, solea = sandal (shoe); refered to the flat shape of the fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution Écologie
marin; saumâtre démersal; océanodrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302). Subtropical; 8°C - 24°C (Ref. 4944); 64°N - 14°N, 25°W - 38°E (Ref. 54889)
Distribution Territoires | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Carte par point | Introductions | Faunafri
Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea) (Ref. 4710). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal (Ref. 4710), including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 30.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5504); poids max. publié: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5504); âge max. reporté: 26 années (Ref. 32766)
Max length : 70.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5504); poids max. publié: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5504); âge max. reporté: 26 années (Ref. 32766)
Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie
Épines dorsales (Total) : 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 69 - 97; Épines anales: 0; Rayons mous anaux: 53 - 80; Vertèbres: 46 - 52. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval, flat and asymmetric; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals (Ref. 57416). Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head (Ref. 4710). Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged (Ref. 4710, 57416), but surrounded by small rim (Ref. 57416). Its distance from front margin of head 1.5-1.9x in its distance from cleft of mouth; anterior nostril on eyed side with backward-pointing tube not or only barely reaching front border of lower eye (Ref. 4710). Preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and united to caudal fin by well-developed membrane, but caudal peduncle distinct; dorsal fin originating on horizontal axis through upper eye; pectoral fin on eyed side asymmetrical, with 7-10 rays, and on blind side slightly shorter; straight part of lateral line visible, supratemporal part slightly arched above eyes; body covered with rectangular ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.
Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Cycle de vie et comportement reproducteur Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Spawning takes place in shallow coastal waters at temperatures of 6 - 12°C. Reproduction starts after 3-5 years of age, when 25-30cm size is reached. Spawning happens mainly during the months of February-May (for example, off the coasts of Galicia), although in warmer areas
(such as the Mediterranean), it can occur at the beginning of the winter. Incubation lasts about 5 days (at 1 2°) and larval phase 35 days (at 18°C).
Référence principale
Téléchargez vos références | Références | Coordinateur | Collaborateurs
Desoutter, M., 1992. Soleidae. p. 860-865. In C. Levêque, D. Paugy, and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres d'Afrique de l'Ouest Tome 2. Faune Tropicale n° 28. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique and O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, France, 902. (Ref. 7395)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Données manquantes (DD) ; Date assessed: 15 July 2014
CITES
Not Evaluated
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: hautement commercial; Aquaculture: commercial; pêche sportive: oui; Aquarium: Aquariums publics
FAO - Systèmes d'aquaculture: production searchpêcheries: Résumé espèce, landings search; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Plus d'informations
Écologie trophique
Aliments (proies)
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Rations alimentaires
Prédateurs
Aliments (proies)
Composition du régime alimentaire
Consommation alimentaire
Rations alimentaires
Prédateurs
Cycle de vie
Reproduction
Maturité
Maturité/épines rel.
Fécondité
Frai
Agrégats de frai
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Reproduction
Maturité
Maturité/épines rel.
Fécondité
Frai
Agrégats de frai
Œufs
Développement de l'œuf
Larves
Dynamique des populations larvaires
Anatomie
Surface branchiale
Cerveau
Otolithe
Surface branchiale
Cerveau
Otolithe
Physiologie
Composition corporelle
Nutriments
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de natation
Vitesse de nage
Pigments visuels
Son de poisson
Maladies et parasites
Toxicité (CL50)
Composition corporelle
Nutriments
Consommation d'oxygène
Type de natation
Vitesse de nage
Pigments visuels
Son de poisson
Maladies et parasites
Toxicité (CL50)
Liées à l'homme
Systèmes d'aquaculture
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Cas de ciguatera
Timbres, pièces de monnaie, divers
Systèmes d'aquaculture
Profils d'aquaculture
Souches
Cas de ciguatera
Timbres, pièces de monnaie, divers
Outils
Quiz bio | E-book | Guide de terrain | Clés d'identification | Générateur de fréquences de longueur | Outil de dynamique de population | Carte par point |
Capture-MSY |
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genre, Espèce | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Systèmes d'aquaculture: production searchpêcheries: Résumé espèce, landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Bases de données nationales | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Aquariums publics | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Arbre de Vie | Wikipedia: aller à, chercher | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record
Estimations basées sur des modèles
|
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.00661 (0.00576 - 0.00758), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
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Niveau trophique (Réf. 69278) |
3.2 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies. |
| Generation time | 3.9 (3.2 - 4.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31 growth studies. |
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Résilience (Réf. 120179) |
Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (K=0.21-0.33; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=100,000). |
| Rate of population increase | Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 40 full stock assessments. |
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Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref. 59153) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100). 🛈 |
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Vulnérabilité climatique (Ref. 125649) |
Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100). 🛈 |
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Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766) |
Very high. |
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Nutriments (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 79.8 [29.8, 184.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.915 [0.416, 1.919] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.6, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.224 [0.141, 0.343] g/100g; Selenium = 17.2 [6.8, 47.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.77 [1.36, 16.81] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.453 [0.263, 1.007] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |