分類 / 名稱
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
環境: 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 138126). 溫帶; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 64°N - 35°N, 12°E - 53°E
Eurasia: Caspian, Black, Marmara and Baltic Sea basins (Sweden and Finland north to 63°N), North Sea basin from Elbe to Ems drainages. In Anatolia: in Marmara basin, south to Great Menderes and Lake Egridir and east to Kızılırmak drainage. Absent between Kızılırmak and Çoruh drainages. Extirpated in Crimea. Introduced in Rhine.
歐亞大陸: 亞速海, 黑海與里海的流域, 以及在波羅的海流域的河中。 也發現於西歐, 包括斯堪的那維亞半島。 (參考文獻 4537)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 1.4 kg (Ref. 35541); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 59043)
背棘 (總數) : 3; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 16 - 22. Diagnosed from its congeners in Europe by the following characters: anal fin with 16-21½ branched rays; back keeled behind dorsal base; in spawning season, males blackish brown with orange cheek and sometimes belly (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 soft rays. Scalar formula: 49-64, 6-10 (Ref. 40476).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
尾鰭有 19個軟鰭條。 數量公式: 49-64,6-10.(參考文獻 40476)
Inhabits brackish estuaries, large to medium rivers and some large subalpine lakes. Sedentary populations inhabit even in small rivers or barbel zone. Feeds mainly on small molluscs and insect larvae. Breeds in riffles in shallow, fast-flowing streams and rivers on gravel. Semi-anadromous populations forage in freshened parts of sea and migrate for long distances to spawn. Lacustrine populations move to fast-flowing tributaries. Spent adults return to foraging habitats (Ref. 59043). Threatened from its range due to water obstruction (Ref. 26100).
棲息於河的中下游。 (參考文獻 30578) 吃無脊椎動物與植物。 半淡鹹水族群為產卵在中進入河川下游可以 - 七月.(參考文獻 556) 產卵向上游在礫石之上.(參考文獻 30578) 受到威脅的從它的分佈範圍由於水資源減少.(參考文獻 26100)
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Produces 15,000-20,000 eggs at the age of 6-7 years (Ref. 12259). Spawns for several years. Semi-anadromous populations undertake long distance spawning migrations while lacustrine populations migrate to fast-flowing tributaries. In Dniepr and Kuban, migration starts in September, decreases in winter and resumes in March-May (Ref. 59043).歐亞大陸: 亞速海, 黑海與里海的流域, 以及在波羅的海流域的河中。 也發現於西歐, 包括斯堪的那維亞半島。 (參考文獻 4537)
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 18 July 2022
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
基於模型的估計
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00724 (0.00659 - 0.00797), b=3.14 (3.11 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
營養階層 (參考文獻 69278) |
3.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies. |
回復力 (參考文獻 120179) |
低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.22; tm=3; tmax=15). |
釣魚的脆弱性 (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100). 🛈 |
價格種類 (Ref. 80766) |
Unknown.
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