Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
; acqua dolce; salmastro benthopelagico; anadromo (Ref. 138126). Subtropical; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 64°N - 35°N, 12°E - 53°E
Eurasia: Caspian, Black, Marmara and Baltic Sea basins (Sweden and Finland north to 63°N), North Sea basin from Elbe to Ems drainages. In Anatolia: in Marmara basin, south to Great Menderes and Lake Egridir and east to Kızılırmak drainage. Absent between Kızılırmak and Çoruh drainages. Extirpated in Crimea. Introduced in Rhine.
Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 556); common length : 20.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 556); peso massimo pubblicato: 1.4 kg (Ref. 35541); Età massima riportata: 15 anni (Ref. 59043)
Breve descrizione
Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria
Spine dorsali (totale) : 3; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 8 - 9; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 16 - 22. Diagnosed from its congeners in Europe by the following characters: anal fin with 16-21½ branched rays; back keeled behind dorsal base; in spawning season, males blackish brown with orange cheek and sometimes belly (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 soft rays. Scalar formula: 49-64, 6-10 (Ref. 40476).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabits brackish estuaries, large to medium rivers and some large subalpine lakes. Sedentary populations inhabit even in small rivers or barbel zone. Feeds mainly on small molluscs and insect larvae. Breeds in riffles in shallow, fast-flowing streams and rivers on gravel. Semi-anadromous populations forage in freshened parts of sea and migrate for long distances to spawn. Lacustrine populations move to fast-flowing tributaries. Spent adults return to foraging habitats (Ref. 59043). Threatened from its range due to water obstruction (Ref. 26100).
Produces 15,000-20,000 eggs at the age of 6-7 years (Ref. 12259). Spawns for several years. Semi-anadromous populations undertake long distance spawning migrations while lacustrine populations migrate to fast-flowing tributaries. In Dniepr and Kuban, migration starts in September, decreases in winter and resumes in March-May (Ref. 59043).
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Harmless
Usi umani
Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale; Acquacoltura: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
Scarica XML
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00724 (0.00659 - 0.00797), b=3.14 (3.11 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio. 69278) |
3.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies. |
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio. 120179) |
Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (K=0.22; tm=3; tmax=15). |
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100). 🛈 |
Categoria di prezzo (Ref. 80766) |
Unknown.
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