Sphyrna zygaena, Smooth hammerhead : fisheries, gamefish

Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)

Smooth hammerhead
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Sphyrna zygaena   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Classificatie / Namen Lokale namen | Synoniemen | Catalog of Fishes(Genus, Soort(en)) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) > Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads (See ETYFish); zygaena: zygaina, ancient Greek name for hammerhead sharks, derived from zygon, yoke, alluding to yoke-like shape of cephalofoil (See ETYFish).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Milieu: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / verspreidingsgebied Ecologie

marien; brak water pelagic-oceanic; oceanodroom (Ref. 13562); diepte 0 - 200 m (Ref. 5578), usually 0 - 20 m (Ref. 55303). Subtropical; 59°N - 55°S, 180°W - 180°E

Verspreiding Gebieden | FAO regio's | Ecosystemen | Voorkomen | Verspreidingskaart | Introducties | Faunafri

Circumglobal: tropical to temperate seas.

Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturiteit: Lm 250.0, range 265 - ? cm
Max length : 500 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 35388); common length : 335 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 13562); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 400.0 kg (Ref. 9987); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 21 Jaren (Ref. 116211)

Korte beschrijving Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie

Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Anale stekels: 0. A large hammerhead without a notch at the center of the curved headhead (Ref. 58085); but with prominent lateral indentations; prenarial grooves well-developed; snout short, 1/5 to less than a third of head width; mouth broadly arched (Ref. 114967); the first dorsal fin is moderately high, the second dorsal and pelvic fins are low. Colour olive-grey or dark grey above, white below, and the undersides of the pectoral fin tips dusky (Ref. 58085).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: angular.

Biologie     Verklarende woordenlijst (bv. epibenthic)

Occurs inshore and well offshore (Ref. 5578), over continental and insular shelves (Ref. 244). Coastal, pelagic, and semi-oceanic, but often bottom associated at 1-139 m (Ref. 58302). Migrates northward in summer; young often in large aggregations of hundreds of individuals (Ref. 13562). Prefers to feed on small sharks, skates and stingrays, but also preys on bony fishes, shrimps, crabs, barnacles and cephalopods (Ref. 244). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Regarded as being dangerous to people, though only few can be tentatively attributed to this species due to its occurrence in temperate waters (Ref. 244). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref. 4690). Caught occasionally by shark and tuna longline fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized fresh, dried-salted, and possibly smoked for human consumption; liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hide for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Become sexually mature when 250 to 300 cm long. The female gives birth to 30 - 40 young (Ref. 35388).

Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven

Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 20 to 50 young per litter (Ref. 6871)after a gestation period of 10-11 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth between 50-60 cm TL (Ref. 13562).

Hoofdreferentie Upload uw referenties | Referenties | Coördinator : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | Medewerkers

Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Kwetsbaar (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 08 November 2018

CITES

Appendix II: International trade monitored

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Appendix II: Migratory species conserved through agreements

Gevaar voor de mens

  Traumatogenic (Ref. 244)





Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja
FAO - visserij: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Meer informatie

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genoom
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Internetbronnen

AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Bekijk FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genus, Soort(en) | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - visserij: landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | GoMexSI (interaction data) | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Nationale databanken | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: ga naar, zoek | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Schattingen op basis van modellen

Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex
(Ref. 82804) 		PD50 = 0.5006 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.00398 (0.00297 - 0.00533), b=3.09 (3.01 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trofisch niveau
(Ref. 69278) 		4.3   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies.
Weerstandsvermogen
(Ref. 120179) 		laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (tmax=21; tm=8.8; Fec=20-40).
Rate of population increase Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.19 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Kwetsbaarheid van de visserij
(Ref. 59153) 		High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100). 🛈
Kwetsbaarheid voor het klimaat
(Ref. 125649) 		Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100). 🛈
Prijsklasse
(Ref. 80766) 		Low.
Voedingsstoffen
(Ref. 124155) 		Calcium = 6.91 [1.40, 36.90] mg/100g; Iron = 0.597 [0.147, 1.835] mg/100g; Protein = 21 [19, 23] %; Omega3 = 0.181 [0.072, 0.443] g/100g; Selenium = 28.1 [9.1, 75.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.26 [1.94, 20.86] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.362 [0.178, 0.681] mg/100g (wet weight);