Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; sötvatten; brackvatten bottenlevande; katadrom (Ref. 46888); djupintervall 10 - ? m (Ref. 3791). Subtropical; 32°N - 51°S
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida (USA), Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean Sea to Argentina.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 35.0, range 40 - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217); 69.0 cm TL (female); common length : 40.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217); publicerad maxvikt: 9.0 kg (Ref. 5217)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 5; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 8; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 3; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 8.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabit coastal marine waters and brackish estuaries (Ref. 3791); also found in hyper-saline lagoons and may enter freshwater (Ref. 5217). Never far from the sea (Ref. 3791). Form sizeable schools (Ref. 3791). Appear to undergo trophic migrations along the coasts (Ref. 35237). Feed on organic detritus and filamentous algae (Ref. 9626). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawn several million eggs (Ref. 35237) at sea (Ref. 3791). Also caught with beach nets (Ref. 5217). Marketed fresh and salted (Ref. 5217). The roe is marketed salt-pickled and dried and considered a delicacy (Ref. 5217).
Livscykel och parningsbeteende
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fekunditet | Larver
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja
Verktyg
Särskilda rapporter
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01047 (0.00905 - 0.01212), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278) |
2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items. |
Resiliens (Ref. 120179) |
Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.11-0.3; tmax=10; assuming tm=2-3). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.33, 95% CL = 0.22 - 0.50, Based on 7 data-limited stock assessments. |
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref. 59153) |
Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100). 🛈 |
Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref. 125649) |
High vulnerability (57 of 100). 🛈 |
Priskategori (Ref. 80766) |
High.
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Näringsämnen (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 152 [57, 453] mg/100g; Iron = 2.51 [0.46, 11.24] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [18.3, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.464 [0.221, 1.025] g/100g; Selenium = 60.8 [21.7, 208.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.03 [1.72, 21.87] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.73 [0.83, 4.23] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |