Sprattus sprattus, European sprat : fisheries, bait

Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758)

European sprat
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Sprattus sprattus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Sprattus sprattus (European sprat)
Sprattus sprattus
Immagine di Svensen, R.

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> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Sprattus: Old German, sprotte (1611) = a small fish, Clupea sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Taxonomic Remarks
The subspecies were not characterized well enough, that unless there is more evidence presented in the future, Sprattus sprattus should be considered as one species with several known populations (S.Kullander, pers.comm. 07/09).

Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione Ecologia

marino; salmastro pelagic-neritic; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 10 - 150 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 69°N - 30°N, 11°W - 42°E

Distribuzione Territories | Aree FAO | Ecosistemi | Presenze | Mappa dei ritrovamenti | Introduzioni | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: North Sea and adjacent waters as far north as the Lofoten Area and the west of the British Isles, and Baltic Sea south to Morocco; also in northern Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea) and Black Sea.

Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età

Maturità: Lm 10.1, range 8 - 12 cm
Max length : 25.1 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 137577); common length : 12.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 188); Età massima riportata: 6 anni (Ref. 3561)

Breve descrizione Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria

Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 13 - 21; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 12 - 23. Lower jaw slightly projecting, gill cover without any bony radiating striae, teeth rarely present on vomer; belly with a strong keel of scutes; last two anal fin rays not enlarged. No dark spots on flanks. Pterotic bulla absent.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.

Biologia     Glossario (es. epibenthic)

Usually inshore schooling, sometimes entering estuaries (especially the juveniles) and tolerating salinities as low as 4 ppt. Shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. Moves to the surface at night. Feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9900). Spawns at depths of 10-20 m producing 6,000-14,000 pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388). Some spawn almost throughout the year, mainly in spring and summer, near the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Sprat are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, less for human consumption (Ref. 9900). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be pan-fried and broiled (Ref. 9988).

Ciclo vitale e comportamento di accoppiamento Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecondità | Larve

Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054).

Riferimento principale Caricare le referenze | Bibliografia | Coordinatore | Collaboratori

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 18 July 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Minaccia per l'uomo

  Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)





Usi umani

Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale; esca: usually

Informazioni ulteriori

Ciclo di vita
Riproduzione
Maturità
Maturità/Gli occhielli sono relativi.
Fecondità
Deposizione
Aggregazioni riproduttive
Uova
Sviluppo delle uova
Larve
Dinamica popolazioni larvali
Distribuzione
Territories
Aree FAO
Ecosistemi
Presenze
Introduzioni
BRUVS - Video
Anatomia
Area branchiale
Cervello
Otolite
Fisiologia
Composizione corporea
Nutrienti
Consumo di ossigeno
Tipo di nuoto
Velocità di nuoto
Pigmenti visivi
Suono del pesce
Malattie e parassiti
Tossicità (LC50)
Genetica
Genome
Genetica
Eterozigosi
Ereditarietà
Diversità genetica
Legato all'uomo
Sistemi di acquacoltura
Profili di acquacoltura
Varietà
Casi di Ciguatera
Francobolli, monete, materiale vario.
Raggiungimento
Collaboratori
Bibliografia
Bibliografia

Strumenti

Rapporti speciali

Scarica XML

Fonti Internet

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genere, Specie | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - pesca: profilo della specie, landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Database Nazionali | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go, ricerca | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Record zoologico

Stime basate su modelli

Indice di diversità filogenetica
(Fonte Biblio. 82804)
PD50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.00550 (0.00470 - 0.00643), b=3.10 (3.05 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Livello trofico
(Fonte Biblio. 69278)
3.0   ±0.07 se; based on food items.
Generation time 2.2 (1.7 - 2.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies.
Resilienza
(Fonte Biblio. 120179)
Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (rm=1.7; K=0.14-0.77; tm=1-2; tmax=6; Fec=2,000 (batch fec)).
Rate of population increase Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 17 full stock assessments.
Vulnerabilità della pesca
(Ref. 59153)
Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100). 🛈
Vulnerabilità climatica
(Ref. 125649)
Low vulnerability (15 of 100). 🛈
Categoria di prezzo
(Ref. 80766)
Low.
Nutrienti
(Ref. 124155)
Calcium = 69.8 [34.7, 136.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.171, 1.290] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.2, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.328, 1.136] g/100g; Selenium = 8.55 [3.88, 18.40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 66.3 [13.8, 248.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.429 [0.200, 1.835] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.