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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Sprattus: Old German, sprotte (1611) = a small fish, Clupea sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Taxonomic Remarks
The subspecies were not characterized well enough, that unless there is more evidence presented in the future, Sprattus sprattus should be considered as one species with several known populations (S.Kullander, pers.comm. 07/09).
Ambiente: milieu / zona climatica / distribuzione batimetrica / gamma di distribuzione
Ecologia
marino; salmastro pelagic-neritic; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 10 - 150 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 69°N - 30°N, 11°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: North Sea and adjacent waters as far north as the Lofoten Area and the west of the British Isles, and Baltic Sea south to Morocco; also in northern Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea) and Black Sea.
Lunghezza alla prima maturità / Dimensione / Peso / Età
Maturità: Lm 10.1, range 8 - 12 cm
Max length : 25.1 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 137577); common length : 12.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 188); Età massima riportata: 6 anni (Ref. 3561)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 13 - 21; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 12 - 23. Lower jaw slightly projecting, gill cover without any bony radiating striae, teeth rarely present on vomer; belly with a strong keel of scutes; last two anal fin rays not enlarged. No dark spots on flanks. Pterotic bulla absent.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Usually inshore schooling, sometimes entering estuaries (especially the juveniles) and tolerating salinities as low as 4 ppt. Shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. Moves to the surface at night. Feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9900). Spawns at depths of 10-20 m producing 6,000-14,000 pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388). Some spawn almost throughout the year, mainly in spring and summer, near the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Sprat are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, less for human consumption (Ref. 9900). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be pan-fried and broiled (Ref. 9988).
Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
Stato della Lista Rossa IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Minaccia per l'uomo
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Usi umani
Pesca: elevato interesse commerciale; esca: usually
Strumenti
Rapporti speciali
Scarica XML
Fonti Internet
Stime basate su modelli
Indice di diversità filogenetica (Fonte Biblio. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00550 (0.00470 - 0.00643), b=3.10 (3.05 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Livello trofico (Fonte Biblio. 69278) |
3.0 ±0.07 se; based on food items. |
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Generation time |
2.2 (1.7 - 2.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies. |
Resilienza (Fonte Biblio. 120179) |
Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (rm=1.7; K=0.14-0.77; tm=1-2; tmax=6; Fec=2,000 (batch fec)). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 17 full stock assessments. |
Vulnerabilità della pesca (Ref. 59153) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100). 🛈 |
Vulnerabilità climatica (Ref. 125649) |
Low vulnerability (15 of 100). 🛈 |
Categoria di prezzo (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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Nutrienti (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 69.8 [34.7, 136.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.171, 1.290] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.2, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.328, 1.136] g/100g; Selenium = 8.55 [3.88, 18.40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 66.3 [13.8, 248.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.429 [0.200, 1.835] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |