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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Sprattus: Old German, sprotte (1611) = a small fish, Clupea sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Taxonomic Remarks
The subspecies were not characterized well enough, that unless there is more evidence presented in the future, Sprattus sprattus should be considered as one species with several known populations (S.Kullander, pers.comm. 07/09).
ສະພາບແວດລ້ອມ: ສະພາບແວດລ້ອມ / ເຂດດິນຟ້າອາກາດ / ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ / ຂອບເຂດການແຈກຢາຍ
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ສັດທະເລ; ນ້ຳກ່ອຍ pelagic-neritic; ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍໃນສະເພາະມາະຫາສະມຸດ (Ref. 51243); ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ 10 - 150 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 69°N - 30°N, 11°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: North Sea and adjacent waters as far north as the Lofoten Area and the west of the British Isles, and Baltic Sea south to Morocco; also in northern Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion and the Adriatic Sea) and Black Sea.
ຄວາມຍາວໃນການເຕີບໂຕເຕັມຄັ້ງທໍາອິດ / ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / ອາຍຸ
ການຈະເລີນເຕັມໄວ: Lm 10.1, range 8 - 12 cm
Max length : 25.1 cm SL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 137577); common length : 12.0 cm SL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 188); ອາຍຸສູງສຸດທີ່ເຄຍລາຍງານມາ: 6 ປີ (Ref. 3561)
ຄີ (ໜາມ)ແຂງຢູ່ຫຼັງປາ (ທັງໝົດ) : 0; ຄີຫຼັງຂອງປາ (ຄີອ່ອນ) (ທັງໝົດ) : 13 - 21; ຄີ(ໜາມ) ແຂງຢູ່ຄີກົ້ນປາ
ກຸ່ມປາກະດູກແຂງ
ຄວາມຖີ່ຂອງກຸ່ມຖ່າຍທອດພັນ
ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍຈາກທະເລໄປຫານ້ຳຈືດ ແລະນ້ຳຈືດຫາທະເລ
ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍຈາກທະເລແລະໄປໄຂ່ຢູ່ນ້ຳຈືດ
ຄີກົ້ນຂອງປາ
ສັດທີ່ມີກະດູກສັນຫັຼງ
ການຖ່າຍທອດທາງກຳມະພັນຈາກພໍ່ແມ່ຫາລູກ: 0; ຄີກົ້ນຂອງປາ: 12 - 23. Lower jaw slightly projecting, gill cover without any bony radiating striae, teeth rarely present on vomer; belly with a strong keel of scutes; last two anal fin rays not enlarged. No dark spots on flanks. Pterotic bulla absent.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Usually inshore schooling, sometimes entering estuaries (especially the juveniles) and tolerating salinities as low as 4 ppt. Shows strong migrations between winter feeding and summer spawning grounds. Moves to the surface at night. Feeds on planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 9900). Spawns at depths of 10-20 m producing 6,000-14,000 pelagic eggs (Ref. 35388). Some spawn almost throughout the year, mainly in spring and summer, near the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Sold as 'brislings' to canneries. Sprat are used in the production of fish meal and as mink food, less for human consumption (Ref. 9900). Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be pan-fried and broiled (Ref. 9988).
Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
ສະຖານະພາບບັນຊີແດງຂອງ IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
ໄພຂົ່ມຂູ່ຕໍ່ມະນຸດ
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
ການນໍາໃຊ້ຂອງມະນຸດ
ການປະມົງ: ທີ່ມີການຄ້າສູງ; ເຍື່ອ: usually
ເຄື່ອງມື
ບົດລາຍງານພິເສດ
ດາວໂຫລດ XML
ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
ການຄາດຄະເນໂດຍອີງໃສ່ແບບຈໍາລອງ
ດັດຊະນີຄວາມຫຼາກຫຼາຍທາງຊີວະພາບ (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5313 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.00550 (0.00470 - 0.00643), b=3.10 (3.05 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 69278) |
3.0 ±0.07 se; based on food items. |
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Generation time |
2.2 (1.7 - 2.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies. |
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ 120179) |
ຂະໜາດກາງ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າ 1.4 - 4.4 ປີ (rm=1.7; K=0.14-0.77; tm=1-2; tmax=6; Fec=2,000 (batch fec)). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.72, Based on 17 full stock assessments. |
ຄວາມສ່ຽງຕໍ່ການຫາປາ (Ref. 59153) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100). 🛈 |
ຄວາມສ່ຽງດ້ານສະພາບອາກາດ (Ref. 125649) |
Low vulnerability (15 of 100). 🛈 |
ປະເພດລາຄາ (Ref. 80766) |
Low.
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ທາດອາຫານ (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 69.8 [34.7, 136.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.171, 1.290] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.2, 22.6] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.328, 1.136] g/100g; Selenium = 8.55 [3.88, 18.40] μg/100g; VitaminA = 66.3 [13.8, 248.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.429 [0.200, 1.835] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |