Environnement : milieu / zone climatique / profondeur / gamme de distribution
Écologie
marin; saumâtre démersal; océanodrome (Ref. 51243); profondeur 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E
Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.
Longueur à la première maturité / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturité: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); poids max. publié: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); âge max. reporté: 25 années (Ref. 32766)
Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.
Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; Aquaculture: commercial; pêche sportive: oui; Aquarium: Aquariums publics
Outils
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
Estimations basées sur des modèles
Indice de diversité phylogénétique (Réf. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
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Bayesian length-weight
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a=0.01122 (0.00921 - 0.01367), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
Niveau trophique (Réf. 69278) |
4.4 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies. |
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Generation time |
4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies. |
Résilience (Réf. 120179) |
Milieu, temps minimum de doublement de population : 1,4 à 4,4 années (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million). |
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Rate of population increase |
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments. |
Vulnérabilité de la pêche (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (60 of 100). 🛈 |
Vulnérabilité climatique (Ref. 125649) |
High vulnerability (65 of 100). 🛈 |
Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766) |
Very high.
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Nutriments (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |