Scophthalmus maximus, Turbot : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish, aquarium

Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Turbot
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Scophthalmus maximus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Scophthalmus maximus
Bild av Quantz, G.

Klassificering / Namn Populärnamn | synonymer | Catalog of Fishes(Släkte, Arter) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Scophthalmidae (Turbots)
Etymology: Scophthalmus: Greek, skopelos = a lantern fish + Greek, ophthalmos = eyes (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde Ekologi

marina; brackvatten bottenlevande; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302). Temperate; 70°N - 30°N, 25°W - 42°E

Utbredning Territorier | FAO områden | Ekosystem | Förekomster | Prickkarta | Utplanteringar | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.

Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder

Könsmognad: Lm 40.8, range 41 - 54 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 4703); common length : 50.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 35388); common length :70 cm TL (female); publicerad maxvikt: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); rapporterad maxålder: 25 år (Ref. 32766)

Kort beskrivning Bestämningsnycklar | Morfologi | Morfometri

Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: flattened.

Biologi     Ordlista (t.ex. epibenthic)

Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Livscykel och parningsbeteende Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fekunditet | Larver

Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.

Huvudreferens Ladda upp dina referenser | referenser | Koordinator | Medarbetare

Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)

Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 December 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Hot mot människor

  Harmless





Mänskliga användningsområden

Fiskeri: kommersiell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja; Akvarium: Offentliga akvarier
FAO - Vattenbrukssystem: artprofil, production search; fiskeri: landings search; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Havet omkring oss

Ytterligare information

Anatomi
Gälyta
Hjärna
Otolit
Människorelaterad
Vattenbrukssystem
Vattenbruksprofiler
Avelslinjer
Ciguatera-fall
Frimärken, mynt, diverse.
Uppsökande verksamhet
Medarbetare
referenser
referenser

Verktyg

Särskilda rapporter

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Internet-källor

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Släkte, Arter | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - Vattenbrukssystem: artprofil, production search; fiskeri: landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Nationella databaser | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Offentliga akvarier | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Go, sök | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoologiskt register

Uppskattningar baserade på modeller

Index för fylogenetisk mångfald
(Ref. 82804)
PD50 = 0.5645 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight a=0.01122 (0.00921 - 0.01367), b=3.06 (3.00 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trofisk nivå
(Ref. 69278)
4.4   ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time 4.8 (3.8 - 5.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 24 growth studies.
Resiliens
(Ref. 120179)
Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.15-0.28; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=5 million).
Rate of population increase Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Sårbarhet i fisket
(Ref. 59153)
High vulnerability (60 of 100). 🛈
Sårbarhet för klimatet
(Ref. 125649)
High vulnerability (65 of 100). 🛈
Priskategori
(Ref. 80766)
Very high.
Näringsämnen
(Ref. 124155)
Calcium = 28.5 [12.1, 48.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.144 [0.058, 0.649] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [18.0, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.275 [0.153, 0.500] g/100g; Selenium = 14.1 [6.4, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.19 [2.10, 35.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.156 [0.092, 0.524] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.