Waarneming toevoegen in Fish Watcher
| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
|
| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Raja clavata AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
Uploaden van uw Foto's en video's
Afbeeldingen | video's | Google afbeelding
Raja clavata
Afbeelding van Stergiou, K.I.
Afbeeldingen | video's | Google afbeelding
Afbeelding van Stergiou, K.I.
Classificatie / Namen Lokale namen | Synoniemen | Catalog of Fishes(Genus, Soort(en)) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) > Rajiformes (Skates and rays) > Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Milieu: milieu / Klimaatzone / Diepte / verspreidingsgebied Ecologie
marien demersaal; diepte 5 - 1020 m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 70°N - 38°S, 25°W - 50°E
Verspreiding Gebieden | FAO regio's | Ecosystemen | Voorkomen | Verspreidingskaart | Introducties | Faunafri
Eastern Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean: Iceland to Madagascar, including the Mediterranean Sea.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturiteit: Lm 76.6, range 47 - 87.5 cm
Max length : 105 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 53748); 139.0 cm TL (female); common length : 85.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 9987); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 18.0 kg (Ref. 35388); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 15 Jaren (Ref. 41305)
Max length : 105 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 53748); 139.0 cm TL (female); common length : 85.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 9987); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 18.0 kg (Ref. 35388); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 15 Jaren (Ref. 41305)
Korte beschrijving Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Anale stekels: 0. Sub-rhomboid in shape with pointed wing-tips; disc-width 1,25 to 1,36 times in its length, its length 1,70 to 1,83 times in total length. Short rostrum, rounded at his extremity; pectoral fins with clear angles on lateral side; triangular pelvic fins (Ref. 39246). Dorsally prickly; large females also prickly throughout their ventral surface; juveniles and large males prickly along the margins of their discs and the underside of their snout. 30-50 thorns form a median row from the nape to the first dorsal fin; additional large 'buckler' thorns with swollen bases scattered on upper surface of disc in adults (Ref. 3167). Coloration is highly variable, with the dorsal surface having all shades of brown with dark and light spots and blotches; ventral surface white (Ref. 3167, 58137).
Body shape (shape guide): other; Cross section: flattened.
Body shape (shape guide): other; Cross section: flattened.
Inhabits shelf and upper slope waters. Reported depth ranges varies, from 10-300 m (Ref. 4426, 82319, 88187), and from 300-577 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504); most common in coastal waters between 10-60 m depth (Ref. 58137). Tolerates low salinities (Ref. 88171). Found on mud, sand and gravel bottoms, rarely on rougher bottoms (Ref. 6808, 58137). Nocturnal species. Feeds on all kinds of bottom animals, preferably crustaceans (Ref. 3167) and fishes (Ref. 114953). Undertakes migrations with mean distances of 54-117 km per month; shows a clear annual migration cycle (Ref. 89017, 89018), moves from deeper offshore waters (10-30 m) in autumn and winter to shallower areas (<10 m) in spring (Ref. 82319). Young are non-migratory, inhabiting inshore nursery grounds (Ref. 89019, 89020, 89022); in the Bay of Douarnenez (France) they are found to remain in shallow waters for at least 2 years (Ref. 89023). Maturity age 7-8 years (Ref. 114953). Oviparous. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Detects weak electric fields generated by other organisms (prey detection and predator avoidance) but may also generate its own weak electric fields (Ref. 10311, 88171). Utilized fresh and frozen (Ref. 9987).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Polyandrous species (Ref. 89024). Paired eggs are laid and deposited on shallow sand, mud, pebble or gravel bottoms (Ref. 205, 89025). Up to 170 egg cases can be laid by a single female in a year (Ref. 3167), but average fecundity is much lower (around 48-74 eggs) (Ref. 3603, 31302). In northwestern Europe, egg cases are laid during spring (Ref. 3167) and in the Mediterranean during winter and spring (Ref. 3167). Egg cases are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners, each containing one embryo (Ref. 205). Capsules are 5.0-9.0 cm long without the horns (Ref. 41250, 88187) and 3.4-6.8 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Egg cases are anchored with an adhesive film (Ref. 82399). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Egg cases hatch after about 4-5 months and pups are about 11-13 cm TL (Ref. 88864). Mating season from February to September, peaking in June (Ref. 74501). Adults observed to form same-sex aggregations during the mating season with females moving to shallower inshore waters approximately a month before the males (Ref 3603, 58137, 74501). Mating does not occur in the Baltic Sea (Ref. 82311).
Hoofdreferentie
Upload uw referenties | Referenties | Coördinator : McEachran, John | Medewerkers
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Gevoelig (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 15 April 2023
CITES
Not Evaluated
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja
FAO - visserij: landings search; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Meer informatie
Trofische ecologie
Voedsel (prooien)
Dieetsamenstelling
Voedselconsumptie
Voedselrantsoenen
Predatoren
Voedsel (prooien)
Dieetsamenstelling
Voedselconsumptie
Voedselrantsoenen
Predatoren
Populatiedynamica
Groeiparameters
Max. leeftijden / maten
Lengte-gewicht rel.
Lengte-lengte rel.
Lengtefrequenties
Massaconversie
Rekrutering
Abundantie
Groeiparameters
Max. leeftijden / maten
Lengte-gewicht rel.
Lengte-lengte rel.
Lengtefrequenties
Massaconversie
Rekrutering
Abundantie
Levenscyclus
Voortplanting
Maturiteit
Rijpheid/kieuwen rel.
Fecunditeit
Paaien
Paaibestanden
Eieren
Ontwikkeling van de eieren
Larven
Larvale populatiedynamiek
Voortplanting
Maturiteit
Rijpheid/kieuwen rel.
Fecunditeit
Paaien
Paaibestanden
Eieren
Ontwikkeling van de eieren
Larven
Larvale populatiedynamiek
Fysiologie
Lichaamssamenstelling
Voedingsstoffen
Zuurstofverbruik
Type zwemmen
Zwemsnelheid
Visuele pigmenten
Vis geluid
Ziekten en parasieten
Toxiciteit (LC50)
Lichaamssamenstelling
Voedingsstoffen
Zuurstofverbruik
Type zwemmen
Zwemsnelheid
Visuele pigmenten
Vis geluid
Ziekten en parasieten
Toxiciteit (LC50)
Menselijk gerelateerd
Aquacultuursystemen
Aquacultuurprofielen
Kweeklijnen
Ciguatera gevallen
Postzegels, munten, diversen.
Aquacultuursystemen
Aquacultuurprofielen
Kweeklijnen
Ciguatera gevallen
Postzegels, munten, diversen.
Tools
Biologische quiz | E-boek | Veldgids | Determinatiesleutels | Lengtefrequentie Tool | Levenscyclus tool | Verspreidingskaart |
Vangst-MSY |
Speciale rapporten
Bekijk gegevens voor het houden in een aquarium | Bekijk Fact Sheets voor de soort | Bekijk Aquacultuur Fact Sheets
Download XML
Internetbronnen
AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | Bekijk FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genus, Soort(en) | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - visserij: landings search; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | Nationale databanken | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Publieke aquaria | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: ga naar, zoek | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoobank | Zoological Record
Schattingen op basis van modellen
|
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804) |
PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. |
| Bayesian length-weight | a=0.00204 (0.00179 - 0.00233), b=3.25 (3.22 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245). |
|
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278) |
3.8 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies. |
| Generation time | 7.8 (5.4 - 10.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 16 growth studies. |
|
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179) |
laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (K=0.09-0.14; tm=10; tmax=23; Fec=150). |
| Rate of population increase | Prior r = 0.18, 95% CL = 0.12 - 0.26, Based on 4 full stock assessments. |
|
Kwetsbaarheid van de visserij (Ref. 59153) |
High vulnerability (60 of 100). 🛈 |
|
Kwetsbaarheid voor het klimaat (Ref. 125649) |
High vulnerability (60 of 100). 🛈 |
|
Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766) |
Medium. |
|
Voedingsstoffen (Ref. 124155) |
Calcium = 9.22 [1.18, 176.74] mg/100g; Iron = 0.628 [0.060, 7.651] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [14.4, 19.5] %; Omega3 = 0.571 [0.265, 1.295] g/100g; Selenium = 39.7 [7.5, 183.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.22 [0.40, 59.91] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.47 [0.03, 5.30] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies. |